What Is the Definition of Art

There is no one universal definition of visual art though there is a general consensus that art is the conscious creation of something beautiful or meaningful using skill and imagination. The definition and perceived value of works of art have changed throughout history and in different cultures. The Jean Basquiat  painting that sold for $110.5 million at Sotheby’s auction in May 2017 would, no doubt, have had trouble finding an audience in Renaissance Italy, for example.   Etymology The term â€Å"art† is related to the Latin word â€Å"ars† meaning, art, skill, or craft. The first known use of the word comes from 13th-century manuscripts. However, the word  art and its many variants (artem, eart, etc.)  have probably existed since the founding of Rome. Philosophy of Art The definition of art has been debated for centuries among philosophers.†What is art?† is the most basic question in the philosophy of aesthetics, which really means, â€Å"how do we determine what is defined as art?† This implies two subtexts: the essential nature of art, and its social importance (or lack of it). The definition of art has generally fallen into three categories: representation, expression, and form. Art as Representation or Mimesis.  Plato  first developed the idea of art as â€Å"mimesis,† which, in Greek, means copying or imitation. For this reason, the primary meaning of art was, for centuries, defined as the representation or replication of something that is beautiful or meaningful. Until roughly the end of the eighteenth century, a work of art was valued on the basis of how faithfully it replicated its subject. This definition of good art has had a profound impact on modern and contemporary artists; as Gordon Graham writes, â€Å"It leads people to place a high value on very lifelike portraits such as those by the great masters—Michelangelo, Rubens, Velà ¡squez, and so on—and to raise questions about the value of ‘modern’ art—the cubist distortions ofPicasso, the surrealist figures of Jan Miro, the abstracts of Kandinsky  or the ‘action’ paintings of Jackson Pollock.†Ã‚  While representational art still exi sts today, it is no longer the only measure of value.Art as Expression of Emotional Content.  Expression became important during the Romantic movement with artwork expressing a definite feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important, for the artwork was intended to evoke an emotional response. This definition holds true today, as artists look to connect with and evoke responses from their viewers.Art as Form.  Ã‚  Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential of the early theorists toward the end of the 18th century. He believed that art should not have a concept but should be judged only on its formal qualities because the content of a work of art is not of aesthetic interest. Formal qualities became particularly important when art became more abstract in the 20th century, and the principles of art and design (balance, rhythm, harmony, unity) were used to define and assess art. Today, all three modes of definition come into play in determining what is art, and its value, depending on the artwork being assessed. History of How Art Is Defined According to H.W Janson, author of the classic art textbook, The History of Art, â€Å"...we cannot escape viewing works of art in the context of time and circumstance, whether past or present. How indeed could it be otherwise, so long as art is still being created all around us, opening our eyes almost daily to new experiences and thus forcing us to adjust our sights?† Throughout the centuries in Western culture from the 11th century on through the end of the 17th century, the definition of art was anything done with skill as the result of knowledge and practice. This meant that artists honed their craft, learning to replicate their subjects skillfully. The epitome of this occurred during the Dutch Golden Age when artists were free to paint in all sorts of different genres and made a living off their art in the robust economic and cultural climate of 17th century Netherlands. During the Romantic period of the 18th century, as a reaction to the Enlightenment and its emphasis on science, empirical evidence, and rational thought, art began to be described as not just being something done with skill, but something that was also created in the pursuit of beauty and to express the artist’s emotions. Nature was glorified, and spirituality and free expression were celebrated. Artists, themselves, achieved a level of notoriety and were often guests of the aristocracy. The Avant-garde art movement began in the 1850s with the realism of Gustave Courbet. It was followed by other modern art movements such as cubism, futurism, and surrealism, in which the artist pushed the boundaries of ideas and creativity. These represented innovative approaches to art-making and the definition of what is art expanded to include the idea of the originality of vision. The idea of originality in art persists, leading to ever more genres and manifestations of art, such as digital art, performance art, conceptual art, environmental art, electronic art, etc. Quotes There are as many ways to define art as there are people in the universe, and each definition is influenced by the unique perspective of that person, as well as by their own personality and character. For example:   Rene Magritte Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist. Frank Lloyd Wright Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms suitable for human use. Thomas Merton Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time. Pablo Picasso The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls. Lucius Annaeus Seneca​ All art is but imitation of nature. Edgar Degas Art is not what you  see, but what you make others see. Jean Sibelius Art is the signature of civilizations. Leo Tolstoy Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands-on to others feelings he has lived through, and that others are infected by these feelings and also experience them. Conclusion Today we consider the earliest symbolic scribblings of mankind to be art.  As Chip Walter, of National Geographic, writes about these ancient paintings, â€Å"Their beauty whipsaws your sense of time. One moment you are anchored in the present, observing coolly. The next you are seeing the paintings as if all other art—all civilization—has yet to exist...creating a simple shape that stands for something else—a symbol, made by one mind, that can be shared with others—is obvious only after the fact. Even more than the cave art, these first concrete expressions of consciousness represent a leap from our animal past toward what we are today—a species awash in symbols, from the signs that guide your progress down the highway to the wedding ring on your finger and the icons on your iPhone.† Archaeologist Nicholas Conard posited that the people who created these images â€Å"possessed minds as fully modern as ours and, like us, sought in ritual and myth answers to life’s mysteries, especially in the face of an uncertain world. Who governs the migration of the herds, grows the trees, shapes the moon, turns on the stars? Why must we die, and where do we go afterward? They wanted answers but they didn’t have any science-based explanations for the world around them.† Art can be thought of as a symbol of what it means to be human, manifested in physical form for others to see and interpret. It can serve as a symbol for something that is tangible, or for a thought, an emotion, a feeling, or a concept. Through peaceful means, it can convey the full spectrum of the human experience. Perhaps that is why it is so important. Sources Graham, Gordon, Philosophy of the Arts, An Introduction to Aesthetics, Third Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group,  New York.  Janson, H. W., History of Art, Harry Abrams, Inc. New York, 1974.Walter, Chip, First artists, National Geographic. Web. January 2015.

A Fight For Freedom Rosa Parks and Mahatma Ghandi Essay

Throughout history, there has been injustice caused by discrimination and oppression. But with that unfair treatment comes leaders who fight difficult battles for the rights of the persecuted and downtrodden. Two of the most influential advocates for equality are Rosa Parks and Mohan-das Gandhi. Parks fought for African-American equal rights, which was a crucial step in the bat-tle for integration in the southern United States. Gandhi led thousands of people to peacefully protest the unfair treatment of Indians by the British. Parks and Gandhi helped end discrimination through their participation in boycotts and marches. Both Rosa Parks and Mohandas Gandhi furthered the end of discrimination through their aid in boycotts.†¦show more content†¦This mis-sion still remains unfulfilled...to fulfill this they must make their own khadi for personal use. The surplus, if any, they may sell (Providing a hope for survival). Gandhi incited many Indians to defy Britains abusive power ov er the impoverished. He encouraged people not only to grow cot-ton, but also to create and sell their own khadi. As the British began losing jobs and customers, their economy was undermined. With Gandhi as a leader of this passive resistance, Indias econ-omy was revitalized. Both Parks and Gandhi believed that people could peacefully obtain the po-litical and social changes they wanted through boycotts. Parks and Gandhi used marches as a way to significantly diminish social injustices. In 1965, Selma, Alabama was made the center of the quarrel over the rights of black voters in the South, assisted by Parks and Martin Luther King Junior. In March that year, protesters attempting to civilly march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted with violence by the authorities. The Selma marches were protests that marked the climax of the American civil rights movement. On March 7 the first march took place, Bloody Sunday, where 600 marchers protesting their continuous ex clusion from theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King I Have A Dream Speech Essay742 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluential moments that he led in his lifetime. During these movements not once did King result in violence. He was very strict on his no violence policy all throughout his fight. He looked up to Mahatma Ghandi, another peaceful protestor, as inspiration. Furthermore, the Montgomery Bus Boycott had to deal with Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. She was arrested for this action and The colored people chose Martin to represent them in this three hundred and eighty-one-dayRead MoreAfrican Americans Fight For Liberation1670 Words   |  7 PagesStrong. Determined. Beautiful. These are words that have been used to describe a race that through trial and tribulation has never faltered in their struggle for justice in an unjust world. African Americans fight for liberation in the early to mid-1900s has paid off in many ways, but it is their tenacious efforts in acquiring equality that has given them such acclamation. While it is clear that America’s history of African American oppression is explicitly cruel and barbaric, I argue that theRead MoreEssay about The Sixties3137 Words   |  13 Pagesbelieve it. These years were a time of great change for America. The country was literally redefined as peop le from all walks of life fought to uphold their standards on what they believed a true democracy is made of; equal rights for all races, freedom of speech, and the right to stay out of wars in which they felt they didn’t belong. The music of the era did a lot of defining and upholding as well; in fact, it was a driving force, or at the very least a strongly supporting force, in many of theRead MoreSocial Movement Synopsis Of Mahatma Gandhi3401 Words   |  14 PagesAllie Haddad Friedkin Lily SOC 134N Final Paper I. Social Movement Synopsis A. Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was the most important leader of the Indian independence movement when India was ruled by Britain. Gandhi led India to independence using nonviolent civil disobedience tactics, and movement laid a foundation for civil rights and freedoms across the world. He believed in using nonviolent actions in his fight for India’s independence and created the term â€Å"satyagraha,† which means â€Å"truth and

Manufacturing alumina Free Essays

The production of aluminum begins with the mining and beneficiation of bauxite. At the mine (usually of the surface type), bauxite ore is removed to a crusher. The crushed ore is then screened and stockpiled, ready for delivery to an alumina plant. We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing alumina or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the alumina plant, the bauxite ore is further crushed or ground to the correct particle size for efficient extraction of the alumina through digestion by hot sodium hydroxide liquor. After removal of â€Å"red mud† (the insoluble part of the bauxite) and fine solids from the process liquor, aluminum trihydrate crystals are precipitated and calcined in rotary kilns or fluidized bed calciners to produce alumina (Al2O3). (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Some alumina processes include a liquor purification step. Primary aluminum is produced by the electrolytic reduction of the alumina. The alumina is dissolved in a molten bath of fluoride compounds (the electrolyte), and an electric current is passed through the bath, causing the alumina to dissociate to form liquid aluminum and oxygen. The oxygen reacts with carbon in the electrode to produce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Molten aluminum collects in the bottom of the individual cells or pots and is removed under vacuum into tapping crucibles. . Depending on the desired application, additional refining may be necessary. For demagging (removal of magnesium from the melt), hazardous substances such as chlorine and hexachloroethane are often used, which may produce dioxins and dibenzofurans. (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Industrial forms of aluminum include commercially pure metal and alloys with other metals such as chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, titanium and zinc. Aluminum alloys may contain as much as fifteen percent of the alloying metals. In powder form, aluminum and its alloys are combustible in air and present a potential explosion hazard. In sheet or block forms, aluminum will not normally propagate or sustain combustion. (Metals Alloys, 1976) Hazards and Risks Entail in Processing At the bauxite production facilities, dust is emitted to the atmosphere from dryers and materials- handling equipment, through vehicular movement, and from blasting. The dust is not hazardous; it can be a nuisance if containment systems are not in place, especially on the dryers and handling equipment. Other air emissions could include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and other products of combustion from the bauxite dryers. (Paris Com, 1992) Ore washing and beneficiation may yield process wastewaters containing suspended solids. Runoff from precipitation may also contain suspended solids. At the alumina plant, air emissions can include bauxite dust from handling and processing; limestone dust from limestone handling, burnt lime dust from conveyors and bins, alumina dust from materials handling, red mud dust and sodium salts from red mud stacks impoundments), caustic aerosols from cooling towers, and products of combustion such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from boilers, calciners, mobile equipment, and kilns. The calciners may also emit alumina dust and the kilns, burnt lime dust. Although alumina plants do not normally discharge effluents, heavy rainfalls can result in surface runoff that exceeds what plant can use in process. (Brady Humiston, 1982) Hydrogen Generating Reactions Aluminum is a very reactive metal, and the greatest industrial hazards associated with aluminum are chemical reactions. Aluminum is an excellent reducing agent, and should react with water readily to liberate hydrogen. However, the protective aluminum oxide coating protects it from reaction with moisture or oxygen. If the protective coating is broken, for example, by scratching or by amalgamation (the process of coating with a film of mercury in which the metallic aluminum dissolves; the aluminum oxide coating does not adhere to the amalgamated surface), rapid reaction with moisture and/or oxygen can occur. The significance of this reaction is dependent upon the quantity of aluminum available to react. Aluminum is also oxidized by heat at a temperature dependent rate. (Ogle, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) Aluminum metal is amphoteric (exhibits both acidic and basic characteristics). Therefore, aluminum will react with acids or bases; both reactions liberate hydrogen, a flammable gas. However, aluminum does not react with concentrated nitric acid because the oxidizing potential of the acid contributes to the formation of the protective aluminum oxide coating. (Martin, 1976) Thermite Reactions Aluminum readily extracts oxygen from other metal oxides to form aluminum oxide with the simultaneous release of large amounts of heat (enough heat to melt the products of the reaction). For example, the reaction of aluminum with ferric oxide to produce liquid aluminum oxide and liquid iron produces temperatures approaching 3000 °C (5400 °F). This reaction, referred to as the â€Å"thermite reaction,† has been used to weld large masses of iron and steel; when enclosed in a metal cylinder and ignited by a ribbon of magnesium has been used in incendiary bombs; and, with ammonium perchlorate added as an oxidizer, has provided the thrust for the space shuttle booster rockets. (May Berard, 1987) Dust Explosions A dust explosion is a complex phenomenon involving simultaneous momentum, energy, and mass transport in a reactive multi-phase system. Aluminum particles, when in dust, powder, or flake forms from operations such as manufacturing powder, grinding, finishing, and processing, may be suspended as a dust cloud in air and consequently may ignite and cause serious damage. If the dust cloud is unconfined, the effect is simply one of flash fire. If, however, the ignited dust cloud is at least partially confined, the heat of combustion may result in rapidly increasing pressure and produce explosion effects such as rupturing of the confining structure. Aluminum dust is not always easily ignitable, and, therefore, the hazard of dust explosions is often ignored. Minimum explosive concentrations of aluminum dust have been reported upwards from about 40 grams per cubic meter (0.04 ounces per cubic foot) of air. (May Berard, 1987) Effects on Health Aluminum particles deposited in the eye may cause local tissue destruction. Aluminum salts may cause eczema, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and irritation of the upper respiratory system via hydrolysis-liberated acid. Aluminum is not generally regarded as an industrial poison, although inhalation of finely divided aluminum powder has been reported as a cause of pneumoconiosis. In most investigative cases, however, it was found that exposure was not solely to aluminum, but to a mixture of aluminum, silica, iron dusts, and other materials. Aluminum in aerosols has been referenced in studies involving Alzheimer’s disease. Most exposures to aluminum occur in smelting and refining processes. Because aluminum may be alloyed with various metals, each metal (e.g., copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, etc.) may possibly present its own health hazards. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Implication Aluminum dust is strongly fibrogenic. Metallic aluminum dust may cause nodular lung fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, and emphysema as indicated in animal experimentation, and effects appear to be correlated to particle size of the dust30; however, when exposure to aluminum dusts have been studied in man, most exposures have been found to be to other chemicals as well as aluminum. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Safety Measures: Prevention and Control The American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends the need for five separate Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for aluminum, depending on its form (aluminum metal dust, aluminum pyro powders, aluminum welding fumes, aluminum soluble salts, and aluminum alkyls). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has also established Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for aluminum. (May Berard, 1987) Pollution prevention is always preferred to the use of end-of-pipe pollution control facilities. Therefore every attempt should be made to incorporate cleaner production processes and facilities to limit, at source, the quantity of pollutants generated. In the bauxite mine, where beneficiation and ore washing are practiced, tailings slurry of 7– 9% solids is produced for disposal. The preferred technology is to concentrate these tailings and dispose of them in the mined-out area. A concentration of 25–30% can be achieved through gravity settling in a tailings pond. The tailings can be further concentrated, using a thickener, to 30–50%, yielding a substantially volume reduced slurry. The alumina plant discharges red mud in slurry of 25–30% solids, and this also presents an opportunity to reduce disposal volumes. (May Berard, 1987) Today’s technology, in the form of high-efficiency deep thickeners, and large-diameter conventional thickeners, can produce a mud of 50–60% solids concentration. The lime used in the process forms insoluble solids that leave the plant along with the red mud. Recycling the lime used as a filtering aid to digestion to displace the fresh lime that is normally added at this point can minimize these lime-based solids. Finally, effluent volume from the alumina plant can be minimized or eliminated by good design and operating practices: reducing the water added to the process, segregating condensates and recycling to the process, and using rainwater in the process. (Ogle, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) References Brady, James E. and Humiston, Gerard E. (1982), General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bounicore, Anthony J., and Wayne T. Davis, eds. (1992), Air Pollution Engineering Manual. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Martin, R. (1975), â€Å"Dust-Explosion Risk with Metal Powders and Dusts,† P/M Group Annual Meeting 1975: Handling Metal Powders, Session I: Health and Safety in Powder Handling,† Powder Metallurgy, No. 2. May, David C., and Berard, David L. (1987), â€Å"Fires and Explosions Associated with Aluminum Dust from Finishing Operations,† Journal of Hazardous Materials, 17. â€Å"Metals and Alloys,† (1976), Loss Prevention Data 7-85, Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation. Paris Commission. (1992), â€Å"Industrial Sectors: Best Available Technology—Primary Aluminium Industry.† Ogle, R. A., Beddow, J. K., Chen, L. D., and Butler, P. B. (1988), â€Å"An Investigation of Aluminum Dust Explosions,† Combust. Sci. and Tech.    How to cite Manufacturing alumina, Essay examples

Communication model for mass communication - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommunication model for mass communication. Answer: Diagnosis and Reflection The purpose of the report is to analyse the different communication skills that can be used by individuals for improving the level of communication. The focus of the report is on the set of skills that are required for gaining success at a professional level. The report analysis certain tools that help an individual to understand own flaws and make rectifications based on those flaws. Apart from this, the report provides a literature review that highlights the possible solutions to the issues related to communication. Models related to communication are also discussed that provides a detailed analysis of the methods of communication. The report provides a self-reflection of the researcher that deals with ways to improve the communication techniques. I have taken the assistance of five diagnostic tools that can help me to determine the level of communication that I possess. These tools can help me analyse my communication skills and make rectifications based on the results. As stated by Cardon (2015) communication tools is essential in order to identify any type of error of an individual. The rating given while solving the questionnaire provides an understanding of the areas of improvement that is required. It helps in understanding the personality of the people by solving questionnaires that help in identifying the level of confidence that an individual possesses. The five tools that have been used in this case include: The Non-verbal Immediacy Scale Self-report (NIS-S) Self-Perceive Communication Competency Scale (SPCC) Confidence level while making presentation Soft skills test Verbal Communication test These skills are essential as it helps me to understand the areas in which I need to develop myself and the style of communication that is adopted by me. Every communication tool has a different set of questionnaires that help in the assessment of these factors and make rectifications based on the results of the questionnaires. For example, the Non-verbal Immediacy Scale-Self-analyses are used to understand the positive nature of the individuals and the manner in which they perceive other people. In similar fashion, the Self-Perceive Communication Competency Scale is used to analyse the communication skill that is required in various situations. It has been seen that the reaction and the communication style of people changes in every situation (Argenti, 2015). The third tool is used to assess the confidence level an individual possess while making presentations. This tool helps in understanding the confidence and the relaxation level of an individual while making a presentation. The fourth tool that has been analysed is known as the soft skills test. In the modern days, it is one of the most important tools as it helps in assessing the level at which one can analyse people (Shwom Snyder, 2015). It is important in every profession to have a skill that can help in the conversation with people for effective purposes. The fifth tool is the verbal communication test that helps to understand the ease with which a particular task can be carried out without the help of other people. The tools that have been used have produced different results that have helped in a proper analysis of my skills. The clarity of the analysis has helped me to understand the communication level that I possess. For example, after conducting the test on Non-verbal Immediacy Scale-Self it has been seen that my positive feeling towards people is low. The score that I received that is 78 indicates the low level of trust that I have on people. Thus, it can be concluded that I have a tendency to not trust people and feel that they may not influence me in a positive manner. This is one of the reasons behind my low score in this test. As suggested by Tuna, Gulez Gungor (2013) trusting people or feeling a sense of positivity towards the people is an essential factor particular in a professional field. The test suggests that I need to improve this skill (Refer to Appendix 1 for test result). The second test that I undertook is the Self-Perceive Communication Competency test. This test is used to understand the competency level required to communicate at every aspect of life. These aspects include public, meeting, group, dyad, stranger, acquaintance and friend. My test result varied in the competency level after every aspect. The lowest rating that I got was in the meeting aspect while my overall rating was 65.8. This indicates that I have a medium competency level and that other people can easily distract me. A higher value of competency level indicates that the self-perceived communication of the individuals is strong. In my case, I need to be guided by other people but at the same time, I can be competent enough to make decisions in any of the aspects of life and profession (Refer to Appendix 2 for test result). The next test that I undertook included the understanding of my level of confidence while making a presentation. This is an important aspect in a professional field as most business meetings and deals are done with the help of making a presentation. In this test, the scoring pattern ranged from 14-70. My test results showed that I secured a score of 48. This indicates the fact that my presentations will be appreciated for only a brief moment. I have a typical average presentation style and people can appreciate with at the same time criticising it due to lack of clarity of the messages (Refer to Appendix 3 for test result). The next test that I had undertaken is the soft skills test. This test helped me to understand the level at which I can manage people. This is important particularly for applying for jobs at the managerial level or being a leader of a group. The skill level in this test ranges from 16-80 and my test result was showed to be 54. This is again an indication of the mediocre nature of my communication skills. This indicates that I tend to remain under pressure in critical situations by like to work and collaborate with groups (Refer to Appendix 4 for test result). The fifth test is the verbal communication test that indicates the level at which I need to depend upon my co-workers for carrying out a particular task. The test scores range from 20-110 and my score was 104. This indicates that I am willing to work with other people but I have to refine my skills to match the skills of my co-workers. The areas that I need to improve include paying attention to non-verbal cues, accurately paraphrase work and ability to remain calm during challenging situations (Refer to Appendix 5 for test result). After analysing the results of the tests, I can analyse my drawbacks and work on improving the skills. For example, I need to work on three aspects of the verbal communication that can help me to be more successful in future. The ability to remain calm during challenging times is important to ensure that I can handle the situations smoothly. Apart from this, I also need to improve my NIS-S level, as I need to trust people more often. This can be considered as a contrast as based on the analysis of the verbal communication and the soft skills test I tend to work well with other people. Hence, I need to ensure that contrasting characteristic of my communication level is solved effectively. In this regard, two incidents can be described that failures of my communication. The first issue that I encountered was my inability to understand the non-verbal cues. The incident occurred during a programme in which my companion was asking me to move an object by providing hand signals as verbal communication was inaudible at the time. The situation occurred about a month ago in which I was to move a stray nail that was left on stage due to some casualness. My inability to understand the gestures made to me had a negative effect as one of the performers suffered serious injury due to the stray nail. This caused a lot of commotion and I was reprimanded for my incompetence of understanding non-verbal gestures. This incident made me realise the importance of non-verbal communication and the reaction that I need to provide during such challenging times. The second issue that occurred was during a presentation at my institution. I was unable to present a presentation that can create a lasting impression in the mind of my assessors. This created problem in my grade as the average marks that I received was not enough for a quality result. The presentation lacked clarity and the information provided was based totally on general research. Hence, it is another aspect that I need to work on so that I can make better and more detailed presentation in the future. This is important for me in the future, if I am to be manager or leader someday. Hence, I need to develop both the skills for a successful career growth. Literature review Concept of communication and its issues McQuail Windahl (2015) stated that one of the most convenient ways of transferring information, feelings and thoughts from one place to another is communication. People need to communicate with one another in order to ensure that their thoughts are cleared and that they can add a sense of purpose in their lives. Communication can be done either by verbally transmitting the messages or by non-verbal communication. Both are a common form so communication, however, the non-verbal form is used in situations that prevent the occurrence of verbal communication. The verbal communication, on the other hand, is more common as people can use words to communicate any messages. To understand the areas in which communication can be improved tools are developed that provide clarity of the situations. According to Hampf and Mller-Pohl (2013), it is important to understand the flaws so that proper communication takes place at the local and global level. One of the most forms of communication flaws is the ability to understand sign languages (Peleckien Polajeva 2016). Most people fail to understand the sign languages mainly because they are not trained on that subject. However, the basic gestures can be understood clearly and actions can be taken by understanding the sign language. The issue highlighted in the first example provides an idea of the inability to understand sign languages. It is an important form of development that an individual need to make as in most occasions verbal communication is not possible between the people. The second issue that I faced was my lack of confidence to provide a proper presentation. Popp, Raneburger Kaindl (2013) observed that making a proper presentation is an important form of communication medium, as most people cannot express their feelings in words. Pictorial presentation of thoughts can help people understand the messages that are provide to them and accordingly they can provide responses. To solve the issues it is necessary for individuals to maintain the manner by understanding the nature and importance of the messages. Hence, certain models can be used that highlight the manner in which transferring of messages can take place between individuals. Models related to communication According to Chaney and Martin (2013), communication needs to be developed between the individuals so that flaws in understanding do not take place. In this regard, it is essential to develop certain models that can help in addressing these issues. One such model of communication that can be used is Belos model. Belos model provides evidence that the sender and the receiver need to be alert so that they can intercept the messages with ease. Commonly this model is referred to as the SMCR model as the factors that are required for the effective transmission of messages is analysed with the help of the common components. The factors include a basic understanding of the messages that are required for the proper transmission and interpretation of messages. The channels used for maintaining communication includes the assistance of the basic senses of human beings (Evans et al., 2017). These include sight, hear, feel, smell and taste. The five senses need to function together for the proper transmission of messages and for the development of an individual. The skills required for intercepting the messages need to be such that the receiver and the sender need to operate together in a manner so that organisations do not have any problems with depicting the messages. Thus, it can be said that proper training needs to be provided to the people before delegating the tasks to encode or decode messages. One of the advantages that Belos model provides is the fact that the messages are precise and consist of codes. This is an advantage as the receiver can easily decode the comprehensive nature of the messages. The short messages can be easily understood and responses can be provided using any one of the channels of communication. Another advantage of this model is that it can help in the development of interpersonal communication skills. Practically this model can be applied to individuals seeking to improve their communication pattern at every level. For example, decoding the messages and presenting them to the people requires proper presentation skill. The skill level of every individual is analysed in a manner so that people can develop proper communication technique and ensure a successful career in the future. However, despite the advantages, Thill Bove (2013) stated that Schramms model could be used more effectively than Belos model for communication. Figure 1: Belos model (Source: Evans et al., 2017) To develop an effective system among individuals it is necessary to identify a proper source of communication. This source of communication can provide a systematic manner in which developments can take place in the communication system (Rentz Lent, 2013). To understand the communication systems in a proper manner it is necessary to use the Schramms model of communication. This model is effective as it helps to identify different segments that can be related to different components of communication. These components are important to maintain a steady flow of messages from a sender to a receiver. The sender transmits cryptic messages to the receivers so that the messages cannot be hacked by other people. The receiver then decodes these messages and the proper message is revealed. This form of communication is effective as organisations involved in such communication styles use internal facilities. Hence, Fleisher Bensoussan (2015) considers this as an ultimate model for communicatio n purposes. Schramm considered communication as a continuous process. Communication is one of the essential tools that people use to survive. Hence, the aim of the model is to ensure that communication between people is maintained in an effective manner. In this regard, it can be said that the model developed by Schramm can help in maintaining communication in every sphere of life. The benefit of this model is that this can help in developing the listening ability of individuals. This is mainly because the messages are provided in an encrypted manner and it is important for individuals to understand the message clearly so that it can be decoded in a proper manner. This model provides a continuous flow of messages from both ends and it is essential that the people taking up the roles of receiver and sender posses he abilities to be effective business scenarios. Figure 2: Schramms model (Source: Peleckien Polajeva 2016) Conceptual and behavioural skills needed Individuals need to apply theoretical as well practical knowledge so that they can develop their skills. The theoretical aspect can help in the understanding of a topic in a broader manner. A detailed analysis of a particular topic can be done so that individuals can gain in-depth knowledge about a topic. Similarly, the practical aspect can help in the development of experience. In the modern world, it is necessary that individuals remain experienced in different fields so that they can get proper jobs at organisations (DiSanza Legge, 2016). These can help individuals to understand the level of improvement required so that they can gain success in the business. The development of professional skills can help in understating the issues that individuals face. Thus, to mitigate this it is necessary to maintain both verbal as well non-verbal communications. The lack of skill of the individuals can be solved by practical implication of the models and carry out analysis using the communication tools (Argenti, 2015). It can be said that interpersonal communication between the individuals can be maintained with the help of proper analysis of the models. The emotion of people often forms a negative factor, as the mind is a strong organ in the human body. Hence, it can be said that misunderstanding can create a huge problem in the workplace. Sadia et al., (2016) is of the opinion that people with strong emotional competence and proper listening skills can have a successful career in business. This is mainly because both these characteristics are helping individuals to develop talents that can help in the development of a career. It has been seen that leaders and managers need to deal with the problems of the employees. Hence, it is important to maintain a proper soft skill so that the employees can be encouraged. The demand for the employees needs to be understood before taking any decisions that may hamper their progress. Communication issues can be solved by being confident and remaining aware of the surroundings. Learning non-verbal communication is not essential for most people, however, understanding the simple sign languages can help in the growth of an individual in a proper manner. Hence, it can be said that the manner in which people tend to develop the communication abilities depend upon the qualities possessed by the person. The communication skill tests can help in identifying the flaws, however, rectifying the flaws need to be done by the individuals using proper techniques. Action Plan After analysing the issues that exist in my method of communication, I have developed an action plan that can help me to continue to work effectively for my improvement. The action plan clearly identifies the issues and focuses on the ways to rectify it. For example, in order to develop a proper presentation, I need to develop my observational skills so that I can incorporate real-life experiences and relate it to the topic. I have been maintaining a journal entry that can help me to keep a record of the activities that I am undertaking and the development I have encountered in the past 6 months. Reflecting on my actions and progress can help me plan for a future course of action. Hence, the journal entry can help me to assess my talents and set up a timeline within which I aim to improve myself. To develop my talents I need the guidance of an experienced teacher. Hence, I had sought the help of Violet Dhu, to help me in improving my communication abilities. Mrs Dhu has over 15 years of experience dealing with people suffering from communication issues such as the inability to talk properly and confidently, remaining focused on one topic and so on. She is a Diploma holder in the professional field and had agreed to help in an eight-week communication-counselling course. The professional advice of Mrs Dhu can help me to identify the flaws that I have more vividly and help me to develop my communication skills. Apart from taking training classless from Mrs Dhu, I need to consult books that can help me to develop my communication skills. These books can be either purchased or referred to from any library and the internet. For the improvement of my skills, I have started reading books that deal specifically with communication issues. Some of the books that I have been reading include Active listening 101: How to turn down your volume to turn up your communication skill written by Emilia Hardman, 2012. Communication Apprehension, Avoidance, and Effectiveness by Richmond, Wrench and McCroskey, "Power Listening: Mastering the most critical business skill" written by Bernard, T. Ferrari, 2012. By reading these books, I have managed to understand the manner in which I can communicate with others. I can address my flaws such as the flaw in a presentation in order to ensure that I provide a quality presentation of any topic that leaves a long impact on the people. Apart from reading books, I have al so taken of evaluative classes that can enhance my knowledge and skills even further. I have taken up courses such as Diploma in Communication Management and Skills in managing people effectively using communication techniques. The advantage of these courses is that my issues of not trusting people or being nervous in challenging situations have been solved effectively. Activity January February March April May June Make a journal entry of the progress and activities Find a professor to guide me in my course Gain access to relevant books required for improvement Take up courses that provide authentic manner of communicating with people Table: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) Reference Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Cardon, P. (2015).Business communication: Developing leaders for a networked world. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Chaney, L., Martin, J. (2013).Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. DiSanza, J. R., Legge, N. J. (2016).Business and professional communication: Plans, processes, and performance. Pearson. Evans, D. R., Hearn, M. T., Uhlemann, M. R., Ivey, A. E. (2017).Essential interviewing: A programmed approach to effective communication. Nelson Education. Fleisher, C. S., Bensoussan, B. E. (2015).Business and competitive analysis: effective application of new and classic methods. FT Press. Hampf, M., Mller-Pohl, S. (Eds.). (2013).Global communication electric: business, news and politics in the world of telegraphy. Campus Verlag. McQuail, D., Windahl, S. (2015).Communication models for the study of mass communications. Routledge. Peleckien, V., Polajeva, T. (2016). Towards sustainable entrepreneurship: role of nonverbal communication in business negotiations.Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues,4(2), 228-239. Popp, R., Raneburger, D., Kaindl, H. (2013). Tool support for automated multi-device GUI generation from discourse-based communication models. InProceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCHI symposium on Engineering interactive computing systemspp. 145-150 Rentz, K., Lentz, P. (2013).Lesikars Business Communication: Connecting in a Digital World. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Sadia, A., Salleh, B. M., Kadir, Z. A., Sanif, S. (2016). The Relationship between Organizational Communication and Employees Productivity with New Dimensions of Effective Communication Flow.Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies,2(2), 93-100. Shwom, B. G., Snyder, L. G. (2015).Business communication: Polishing your professional presence. Pearson. Thill, J. V., Bove, C. L. (2013).Excellence in business communication. Pearson. Tuna, G., Gulez, K., Gungor, V. C. (2013). The effects of exploration strategies and communication models on the performance of cooperative exploration.Ad Hoc Networks,11(7), 1931-1941.

Major Ideas of Teaching Science

Biography of Artist Henry Ossawa Tanner

Biography of Artist Henry Ossawa Tanner Born June 21, 1859, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Henry Ossawa Tanner is Americas best known and most popular  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹African American artist born in the nineteenth century. His painting The Banjo Lesson (1893, Hampton University Museum, Hampton, Virginia), hangs in many classrooms and doctors offices across the nation, familiar and yet not fully understood. Few Americans know the artists name, and fewer still learn about his outstanding accomplishments that often broke through racist barriers. Early Life Tanner was born into a religious and well-educated household. His father, Benjamin Tucker Tanner, graduated from college and became a minister (and later bishop) in the African Methodist Episcopalian Church. His mother, Sarah Miller Tanner, was sent north by her mother through the Underground Railroad to escape the slavery she was born into. (The name Ossawa is based on the abolitionist John Browns nickname Osawatomie Brown, in honor of the Battle of Osawatomie, Kansas in 1856. John Brown was convicted of treason and hanged on December 2, 1859.) The Tanner family moved frequently until they settled in Philadelphia in 1864. Benjamin Tanner hoped his son would follow him into the ministry, but Henry had other ideas by the time he was thirteen. Smitten with art, the young Tanner drew, painted and visited Philadelphia exhibitions as often as possible. A short apprenticeship in a flour mill, which compromised Henry Tanners already frail health, convinced Reverend Tanner that his son should choose his own vocation. Training In 1880, Henry Ossawa Tanner enrolled in the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, becoming Thomas Eakins (1844-1916) first African American student. Eakins 1900 portrait of Tanner may reflect the close relationship they developed. Certainly, Eakins Realist training, which demanded meticulous analysis of human anatomy, can be detected in Tanners early works such as The Banjo Lesson and The Thankful Poor (1894, William H. and Camille O. Cosby Collection). In 1888, Tanner moved to Atlanta, Georgia and set up a studio to sell his paintings, photographs and art lessons. Bishop Joseph Crane Hartzell and his wife became Tanners principal patrons and ended up purchasing all his paintings in an 1891 studio exhibition. The income allowed Tanner to head for Europe to further his art education. He traveled to London and Rome and then settled in Paris to study with Jean-Paul Laurens (1838-1921) and Jean Joseph Benjamin Constant (1845-1902) at the Acadà ©mie Julien. Tanner returned to Philadelphia in 1893 and encountered racial prejudice that sent him back to Paris by 1894. The Banjo Lesson, completed during that short period in America, drew from the poem The Banjo Song, published in Paul Lawrence Dunbars (1872-1906) collection Oak and Ivy around 1892-93. Career Back in Paris, Tanner began to exhibit at the annual Salon, winning an honorable mention for Daniel in the Lions Den in 1896 and The Raising of Lazarus in 1897. These two works reflect the predominance of biblical themes in Tanners later work and his stylistic shift to a dreamy, iridescent glow throughout his images. In Birthplace of Joan of Arc at Domrà ©my-la-Pucelle (1918), we can see his impressionistic handling of the sunlight on the facade. Tanner married the American opera singer Jessie Olsson in 1899, and their son Jesse Ossawa Tanner was born in 1903. In 1908, Tanner exhibited his religious paintings in a solo show at the American Art Galleries in New York. In 1923, he became an honorary chevalier of the Order of the Legion of Honor, Frances highest award of recognition. In 1927, he became the first African American full academician elected into the National Academy of Design in New York. Tanner died at home on May 25, 1937, most likely in Paris, though some sources claim that he died in his country home in Etaples, Normandy. In 1995, Tanners early landscape Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City, ca. 1885, became the first work by an African American artist acquired by the White House. This was during the Clinton Administration.   Important Works Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City, ca. 1885, White House, Washington, D.C.The Banjo Lesson, 1893, Hampton University Museum, Hampton, VirginiaThe Thankful Poor, 1894, William H. and Camille O. Cosby CollectionDaniel in the Lions Den, 1896, Los Angeles County Museum of ArtThe Raising of Lazarus, 1897, Musà ©e dOrsay, Paris Sources: Tanner, Henry Ossawa. The Story of An Artists Life, pp. 11770-11775.Page, Walter Hines and Arthur Wilson Page (eds.). The Worlds work, Volume 18.New York: Doubleday, Page Co., 1909 Driskell, David C. Two Hundred Years of African American Art.Los Angeles and New York: Los Angeles County Museum and Alfred A. Knopf, 1976 Mathews, Marcia M. Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969 and 1995 Bruce, Marcus. Henry Ossawa Tanner: A Spiritual Biography.New York: Crossroad Publishing, 2002 Sims, Lowery Stokes. African American Art: 200 Years.New York: Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, 2008

Why read The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin (1894) Essay

Why read The Story of An Hour by Kate Chopin (1894) - Essay Example Mallard, who having a weak heart, mourns the death of her husband, Kate Chopin introduces a passage, which abruptly pictures window’s feelings of relief and freedom and thus this tragic event becomes confusing. Finally, in the exact moment when Mrs. Mallard finds out her allegedly dead husband is alive, she dies of a heart attack. From the critical perspective, the first impression from the story is undoubtedly confusing, however, a more careful analysis reveals that there are many reasons why this literary piece would be important and even necessary to read. Unlike many literary works that are essential descriptive, Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† teaches a modern reader to understand historical and social context of the story. This most popular piece of Chopin’s short fiction was written and published in 1984, and the influence of this historical epoch on the story is evident. Chopin’s women are framed and determined by the historical traditions, morals and principles. Women’s lives are limited by kitchens, children, families and occasional genteel routs. â€Å"Story of an Hour† witnesses a woman dawning on the notion of freedom after she learns of her husband’s death. Mrs. Mallard is awe-struck at her own feelings, as she has too lived her life according to the rules of middle-class white womanhood, but she lets the feelings flow nevertheless, and she makes plans for her new life: â€Å"Free! Body and soul free!† (Chopin, par.14). Chopin leaves audience with perhaps her most telling dramatic irony: the gathered community, viewing Mrs. Mallard as the pinnacle of respectable true-womanhood, decides her cause-of-death: â€Å"joy that kills† (Chopin, par.20). As in most of Chopin’s literature, her women who rebel from marriage are not rebelling from their husbands personally; rather, and perhaps worse, according to true-woman ideology, they rebel from the depletion of personal power and selfhood that

American Airlines Innovation Report Research Paper

American Airlines Innovation Report - Research Paper Example It does flights both internationally and domestically, including the Caribbean, North America, South America, Asia, Europe, and Africa (Forty 44 ). The developments of this airline range are adverse i.e. passenger services improvement, electronic ticketing, discounts, introduction of self service machines, AAdvanced bag machine check programs, in-flight connectivity programs, power ports introduction to the plane, â€Å"remember me† feature, on board purchase features, and some others as will be seen in details later . American airlines have revolutionized the airline industry when they initiated the passenger services over 50 years ago. Up to date, American Airlines has not relented on its commitment to investment in technology and innovation so as to achieve customer satisfaction. From an advanced AA web site to a Self Service Check In, it has evolved its technology to serve the changing demands of the airline industry and of its customers. The AA website offers more tools a nd more options to the passengers; it has become more convenient in general. Therefore, most customers will continue using American Airlines services. The airline boasts of being the leader in innovation, as it was ranked 11th in the Information Week 500, which is a rating of the most creative organizations in the US. In 1998, American Airlines became the foremost airline to present electronic ticketing across the 44 countries it operates in (Mallarino 170). The AA website receives about 1.7 million visits in a day and is considered the biggest distribution channel in America as well as the best platform of online business within the airline. The airline has the reward packages for passengers who book their flights online get a discount guarantee, and there is no booking free of charge. The American Airlines also has a Mobile platform. The platform is a useful tool to the modern connected passengers and is the main force behind the airlines technology being developed to ease travel for the passenger (Stacks 45). The Airline also has a travel package commonly known as the American Airlines Travel Application. This application has been created with focus on the distinct characteristics of a particular mobile device, which enables timelier and simpler updates as new tools are created and released. This makes the American Airline remain ahead of other companies in terms of application innovation. These applications are available on various platforms including iPad, iPod Touch, iPhone, Blackberry, Android, Windows Phone 7, Amazon Kindle Fire, Barnes, and Noble NOOK Color Readers Tablet (Geza 45). The Airline has a Mobile Boarding pass chance that applies to passengers using American Eagle and American Airlines flights in about 80 cities and 10 international airports. The passengers have the option of receiving their boarding passes on their mobile phones when they book flights in the AA website using either the mobile or desktop version. The passenger is sent an em ail with a link to a boarding pass with a 2-D barcode. This barcode can be used at select American Airlines gates and TSA security checkpoints by scanning the 2-D barcode. The Wi-Fi widget enables customers to find out if the flights they have booked will be Wi-Fi enabled. The in-flight connectivity is a very important tool for leisure and business passengers (Cearly 60). The AA website enables passengers to receive computerized information about their

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 2 Essay

Project Management- MGMT412 - 1304B - 01 unit 2 - Essay Example Product scope description: Winsome Company is under the management of a sister company known as Winsome’s sister company. The products and raw materials used by the company are purchased from different manufactures. They brand the products, educate the sales representatives and market them to the targeted audiences. In addition, the team will be required to attend the quarterly branch manager sales events to present the new kind of product they will be offering in the market to their respective audiences. The results the project will produce will entail all these sales deliverables required for the launching of the new products through research into different departments and consultation with various department heads (Harrington & McNellis, 2006). Acceptance criteria: The acceptance criteria for the introduction of the new product into the market will entails creating product specifications, producing photographs of the product in question, producing their pricing structures f or the new products and highlight the sources of their marketing materials. Stages will be involved in the acceptance criteria as goals for the Winsome Company and the new product will be reviewed by the different departments and government bodies concerned. ... The new product will be passed through the review to confirm the manufacturing process and the test the new product to be released into the market. Lastly, the product will be passed through exit criteria for reviews which will involve changes, signatures and putting the deliverables under the configuration management system. Deliverables: The project deliverables for the business will involve set quantitative objectives for the team. Secondly, the composite sales objectives will be reconciled. Lastly, to create an efficient marketing plan that will involve adjusting the qualitative of composite objectives into marketing plan objectives (Hougham & Association for Project Management, 2004). Project Exclusions: The project will not produce other deliverables that are not concerned with the sales and marketing on the new product that will be produced by the company. Its major emphasis will only be centered to focus on the sales and marketing activities conducted by the company. Constrai nts: However, in writing for the company the scope statement, there are unforeseen barriers that might hinder my process and result to poor sales and marketing strategy for the product to be produced by the company. Lack of funds might affect the process because it will hinder the research process thus interfere with the formulation of the deliverables required for the sales of the new product into the market. Time might also be a barrier to the process because the project duration might not be sufficient enough to allow for a thorough research of the sales deliverables required by the company. Assumptions: Reconciling the sales objectives may however lead to a waste of the company resources or poor management decisions for the company and the entire sales

Coca Cola Management Strategy

Coca Cola Management Strategy The advent of Cola wars has drastically changed the entire scenario of this soft drink industry. There are different giants playing in this industry and Coca Cola is amongst them. The fierce competitors Pepsi and certain other brands are trying their level best to change the scenario of this industry by eating up market shares but Coca Colas management strategy is so updated and relevant that they are ahead of their competition. Originating from just one brand 125 years go the strategy of Coca Cola has strengthened so much that they have launched more than 500 brands. The company originated from selling 9 odd drinks in a day in 1886 to 1.8 billion a day in the current era. The company has grown at an enormous pace and starting from just a single city to expanding its operations to more than 200 countries of the world (Coca Cola , 2012). The product actually initiated from a pharmacy and gained so much success after a certain period of time that it is regarded as one of the biggest br and of the world. New brands were added by this organization in their company product line and after a certain period of time most of the brands flourished with time (Coca Cola, 2012). But Coke is considered as one of the biggest brand and flourished at an enormous pace. The brand has grown in such a way that a new terminology of Cola drinks actually came into existence because of this. Catering to the needs of the customer is the biggest success secret of this brand. They know what the customer is actually asking for and they provide the customer that in such a way that the needs are properly satisfied with it. The history of the organization is quite rich and they have travelled their way facing several leaps and bounds. Coca-Cola has the greatest appreciated product name globally and, as one of the greatest noticeable organizations globally, it has great prospect to outshine in every scope of corporate performance (Ferrell, Ferrell, Fraedrich, 2011, p. 308). The organization thou gh has been confronted by many ethical problems in respect with their shareholders. Uncertain about the companys widespread contributions to the society and educational aspects, numerous shareholders are losing faith in the 100 year old organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . Limitations of research Every research has certain limitations and the introduction depicts that the core research would focus on the strategy management process of Coca Cola and discusses the scenario that are utilized by the organization. The limitations of research are initiated by the usage of secondary sources in the research. The information are taken from these sources and it cannot be properly commented that the information presented in these sources are hundred percent right. Moreover, another limitation of this research is that this research should solely be utilized for academic purposes and it should not be used for the decision making process for organizational purpose. In the similar manner it should be noted that this research is prepared by an individual and all rights are reserved. Organizational Strategy Reviewing the strategic planning process that keep this organization competitive in this industry are several factors that are associated with this organization. The biggest aspect is the fact the formation of a well established mission and vision. In the similar manner one can easily say that all the strategic decision taken by the management are aligned with the vision and mission of the organization (Hill Jones, 2012). The objectives are designed so professionally that they are achieved within the stipulated deadline in such a way that they organization achieves success in both the short and the long run. The mission of the organization revolves around the scenario that they should refresh the world in body, mind and spirit. In the similar manner their objectives focus on the scenario that they should create a difference in everywhere they engage (Sevenson, 2001). The values of this organization are based on leadership, diversity, passion, integrity, collaboration, quality etc. Strategists and decision makers usually claim that the global strategy of this organization is so enormous and gigantic because of the effective decision makers in the organization. Their strategy is up to the mark because the organization is responsive internally and externally. The achieve success in every form because they are aware about the culture of their organization and they generate an atmosphere in their organization which results in a win-win situation (Hill Jones, 2012). The collaboration of all the stakeholders that are internal and external generates and great fusion for Coca Cola and that is th e reason why it is regarded as the brand with the highest level of brand equity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The competition in the soft drink industry is quite fierce because of two giant brands which are Coke and Pepsi (Dana 1999). The competition between these two brands is termed as the Cola Wars. Coca Cola is considered to be the leader of this industry and Pepsi is usually criticized by the marketing strategists as the brand that utilizes the imitating strategy. The current scenario is so confusing for both the brands because in order to attack the market leader Pepsi should have a distinctive plan or a sustainable competitive advantage (Mazze Michman, 1998). The strategies with respect to target market and introduction of a sub brand in the market of both the organizations are relatively the same because both the organizations are striving hard to capture the market share so that they can become the leaders in the Cola indust ry. Pepsis market share in Asia is much more than Coke however, besides Asia Coke captures the entire world and this strategy of Coke has taken Pepsi by a storm. The Cola are virtually fought in nearly every country of the world and organization with an effective strategy wins the race (Boutzikas 2000). Each brand is fighting the battle with different brands and both possess several non-alcoholic brands to get a share in customers stomach. Since the competition is becoming more and more dynamic with the advent of time and that is the reason why the arena is become much fuzzier and because of this reason the rivals are much difficult to identify and anticipate (Day Reibstein, 2004). Organizations usually learn from their past mistakes and that is the reason why they develop a learning habit to face any external and internal issues (Vrontis, 2003). Coke made a marketing research blunder which dipped the competitive graph of their brand and they were sinking in the competitive battle with other brands. Coke, due to blind tests changed the taste of the Coke and developed a formula to make it sweeter. This strategy backfired quiet badly and people started to dislike the name new coke and after a certain period of time they started to dislike the taste too. About $ 4 billion were spent on this campaign and it came out to be a blunder for the company (Axson, 2011) Review of the Literature The current objectives of this organization are to use the formidable assets of the company that is their brands to its full potential and attain a sustainable competitive advantage through globally reaching the maximum customers. There are several different strategies that are opted by Coca Cola to attain sustainable growth. For analyzing the effectiveness of employed business strategies by the management at Coca Cola Company, critical analysis of current market status of the company has been discussed subsequently. SWOT Analysis of Coca Cola Company For strategic evaluation of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats which any organization, project, or a business venture comes up with, SWOT Analysis is commonly used. Primary aim behind the conduction of SWOT Analysis is to exhaustively identify what internal as well as external factors are favorably or unfavorably influencing the growth and development of any business (Champman, 2007). In this section, Coca Cola is the undertaken company for the description and evaluation of SWOT. Strengths Globally, the Coca Cola Company has following key aspects as its business strengths: The brand image and equity allied with the company is internationally recognized The brands and products of the company are strategically distributed all over the world by means of strong and efficient distribution network The overall financial performance of the company is relatively higher than its competitors Coke is globally recognized, acknowledged as well as the most preferred brand for soft-drink lovers. The product-line associated with the companys brand is extensively diversified Strong and reliable corporate identity. Continues innovation and improvisation in business plans and strategies Weaknesses Coca Cola has following weaknesses on international grounds: Despite of having tremendous financial performance of the company, it has high rank in credit ratings Continuously diverging customer concentrations due to other brands in competition, specifically in US. Customer loyalty towards Pepsi products, which is the biggest and the strongest contender of Coke around the world. In Asian countries, like India and Pakistan, Coke failed to acquire #1 position in soft-drink industry. Opportunities Coke Company has following significant opportunities world-wide: The tremendously escalating demand of soft drinks all over the world. As company has expanded its covered market areas by introducing brands of mineral water, juices, soft-drinks etc, it can reach almost every market segment. Increasing globalization will allow Coca Cola to have certainly globalized business operations Health Conscious People are being catered Drastic growth in mineral water demand Smaller market players acquisitions. Threats Following business threats are being faced by the company: Since soft-drinks are considered to be unhealthy; in such scenarios, healthy drinks usually manufactured by the Fruit Juice Companies are imposing business threats to the Coca Cola Company, worldwide. Customers increasing inclinations towards critical competitors (like Pepsi, etc) Growing financial crisis and thus, prices of products Biased image perceptions in different countries of the world. BCG Matrix for Coca Cola BCG Analysis is an acronym for Boston Consulting Group Analysis. The concept of BCG Matrix was firstly put forward during 1970 by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group with the intentions of helping companies in their business evaluation practices on the basis of their business units or product lines (Middleton, 2003). BCG analysis is considered as an analytical tool for marketing of brands, product management, strategic management, and portfolio analysis. All in all, it helps organizations to allocate their business resources. Components of BCG Matrix: To better understand the analytical techniques used in BCG matrix, its core components are described in the segment below: 1. Stars Representing the highly developed business with strong market position and financial performance as compared to its competitors. Businesses rated under this category are considered to be ideal with high shares points. 2. Cash Businesses having low growth rates but higher point shares are recorded under this category of BCG Matrix. It is assumed that the businesses recorded in this category were initially stars but somehow failed to maintain their attractiveness over time. 3. Question Mark Businesses having high rates of growth and development but, their point shares are low, are recorded under this category of BCG Matrix. This category is the reflection of certain potentials that business has for future growth and development but, at the same time, indicates the requirement of extensive efforts to increase point shares. 4. Dogs In this category, businesses have both low point share as well as low rates of growth and development. A general representation of BCG Matrix is given in the figure below: Figure 1: The BCG Matrix (Source: Middleton, 2003) As far as Coca Cola Company is concerned, the BCG Matrix analysis for the company is based upon following statistics: Figure 2: Coca Colas Performance from all over the World (Source: Ahmad et al 2007) On the basis of afore-mentioned statistical analysis of Coca Cola Company, created BCG Matrix for the company is given below: Figure 3: BCG Matrix for Coca Cola Company (Source: Ahmad et al 2007) Porters Five Force Model for Coca Cola For carrying out industrial analysis, The Five Force Model presented by Michael Porter in 1979 is being used as the de facto framework since the time of its introduction. The competitiveness of market is analyzed by Porters five forces. The current or potential risks that a company can have from its associated industry are concluded by the experts after employing this model. Following five forces are included in Porters model (1) Threat of New Entrants, (2) Threat of Substitute Products or Services, (3) Bargaining Power of Buyers, (4) Bargaining Power of Suppliers, (5) Competitive Rivalry among Existing Firms. The industrial analysis of Coca Cola Company and its brands on the basis of this five-force model is discussed below: Threat of New Entrants/Potential Competitors: Median Pressure As far as beverage industry is concerned, the barriers to the new entrants are relatively low because the cost of consumer switching in this particular industry is approximately zero with quite low requirements for capital investments. A number of new products have been introduced in the market at relatively lower prices than that of the products and brands of the Coca Cola Company. Threat of Substitute Products: Median to high pressure The consumer markets have a range of alternative products for soft-drinks, energy-drinks, juices and mineral water. It is an open fact that Coke products lack any unique flavor because its flavor is 97% similar to that of Pepsi as concluded during a blind taste test, in which people failed to distinguish Coca-Cola coke and Pepsi coke. The Bargaining Power of Buyers: Low pressure As far as bargaining power of consumers is concerned, Coca-Cola and Pepsi, which is Coca-colas biggest rival, have almost same market price thus, it has very little or even 0 pressure on the company. However, newly introduced, low-priced beverages are available in markets which can be preferred by the consumers but at the risk of flavor and quality. Fruit juices are the most preferred drink for the consumers these days as most of the consumers have become health conscious and thus are aware about the adverse impacts of carbonated beverages. The Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Low pressure In case of Coca-Cola supplies all over the world, its suppliers are not concerned about the adverse impacts of such carbonated drinks as they cant afford losing Coca-Cola, which is considered as their fundamental client. Rivalry Among Existing Firms: High Pressure Pepsi is the biggest competitor of Coca Cola in recent times as it also has variety of beverage products with strong international network. More or less Pepsi and Coca Cola are rated similarly in all over the world. However, the target market of Coca-Cola, as per its classical brand image, is the adult community primarily; however, youngsters are being focused by the Pepsi group. Nonetheless, the share market of the US is slightly dominated by Coca-Cola rather than Pepsi due to its historical business setup. On the other hand, beverage brands, like Dr. Pepper, have also become popular in US for the reason of their unique flavors. Discussion If Coca Cola Company manages to make the most innovation for creating relations and gaining market reputation, the company can easily left all the competitors behind and can stay ahead of them in one way or other. Innovation can be the first and foremost option for the company to avoid severe market competition. By employing innovative ideas, the company is expected to have strong competitive advantage with respect to its rivals. As a matter of fact, Coca Cola has certain market reputation as well as strong brand image; so, with appropriate innovation in products by keeping customer needs at front, the company can generate certain curiosity among its potential consumers in such a way that people will definitely want to go for it. If Coca Cola comes up with innovative products, consumers will leave with no substitutes and thus, they will happily purchase the commodity even at higher prices. With this strategy, Coca Cola can create a range of loyal customers as well (Covering S1, S2, S4, S5, S7, T1, T2 and T3). After innovation, marketing is the most important factor to be mulled over by the administration of the company to maintain its prominence around the globe. Marketing is considered as the backbone for any business success and thus, is extremely significant factor for the company. Coca Cola can affirm its long-lasting market prominence and reputation by marinating strong brand image through strategic marketing and advertising of allied products. This strategy will also help the company in maintaining strong consumer loyalty towards its brands and can gain consumer preferences over its competitors (Covering W2, W3, W4, O1, O2, O3, and O4). Marketing in an environment friendly attitude can definitely help the company to impose certain barriers to the new market entrants and thus can decrease the risks and threats of growing competition in the relevant industry all over the world (Covering T1, T4, T5, S2, S4, S5, and S6). If Coca Cola brands manage to sustain their quality and taste in such a way that these two factors emerged as unmatchable for rival companies, Coca Cola will be able to reduce severe threats of being substituted (Covering S1, S4, S2, O1, O2, and O3). Coca Cola Company miss-utilized resources of rare water in various Asian countries, like India and Pakistan, which serve as the primary reason of companys declining market reputation in this particular region. This mis-utilization adversely impacted the brand image of the company, as the reducing water levels in cola plant are certainly making the lives of the natives miserable. To gain positive reputation in the Asian countries Cola Company can follow the measures listed below: Land inspection before starting any project Assessment of environmental impacts that the project can have prior to start up business operations The project should be compliant with environmental regulatory requirements Say NO to refrigeration equipments containing CFC Efficient treatment of waste water Adequate operations for bottling Commencement of certain programs for energy conservation Latest technologies for water recycling system should be used by the company for saving 50% of water requirements for the operations (Covering W3, W4, and T4) With recycling of plastic bottles, costs and resources could be saved. By employing various innovative recycling ideas in companys business along with appealing advertising of Coca Cola brands can open new market segments for the company. In due course, company will have higher revenues and improved credit rating (Covering W1, W4, T1, T3, and T4). Conclusion This paper attempted to analyze the strategic business planning of the Coca Cola Company exhaustively. The study affirms that company is in its booming stages and is enjoying profitable success and reputation all over the world. However, from a superficial overlook, the afore-mentioned fact might be considered as true; but, in-depth analysis of what business strategies the Coca Cola company has, evidently reflects the existence of certain loopholes due to which the company is exposed to certain risks and market threats. Even though company has god market reputation, but innovative and unique brand ideas are required to be practiced so that the credit rating of the company could be improvised. In addition, it was also concluded that owing to severe market competitions, the company should put much emphasis on its advertising techniques so as to make its market prominence even more visible. Last but not the least, Coca Cola company has failed to comply with the health requirement regula tions in specifically Asian countries which serve as the reason of its declined reputation in that particular area. Thus, company has to put much focus on this domain to reduce negative consumer perceptions and to make them loyal with the brand and products.

The Amazon :: Essays Papers

The Amazon History of Technology Can you image how the Amazon Basin would look if development had never started? The colonization of the Amazon is very similar to what happened in the American West in the 1800s. What took approximately 80 years to accomplish in the United States, has taken far fewer year in the Amazon Basin. The Amazon Basin consists of the widest rivers in the world and they flow through the largest rain forest, traveling through nine nations. The people of the Amazon Basin have been there for as long as 10,000 years. The first people to live along the Amazon were South American Indians who arrived from the north. The Amazon is very important because, "The Amazon is like an enormous breathing machine, with each tree and plant absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen. The Amazon jungles contribute to the atmosphere of the entire plant." (The Cousteau Society, 21) There are many different tribes living in the Amazon Basin and many have never seen modern technology. The tribes of the Amazon prefer to be called Amerindians, and they have many different groups or societies. With the creation of the roads cutting through the Amazon, the Amerindian has diminished greatly in size and has expressed concern about their forest. The chief of the Kayapo people has said, "We are fighting to defend the forest. It is because the forest is what makes us, and what makes out hearts go." (Rain Forest Amerindians, 11) The decision to cut roads through the Amazon Basin was encouraged after it was discovered what vast resources were available and the desire to acquire them took precedence. The region has large amounts of latex from the rubber trees, minerals such as, ore, aluminum, copper, natural gas, potassium, nickel, manganese, iron, gold and even diamonds. To obtain these resources, roads were constructed by bulldozing through the forest. This was accomplished by burning, spraying poison from the air and by huge tractors dragging chains across the ground. Because of this need to obtain the resources, several roads were built throughout the Amazon Basin. The Beli'mBrasilia Highway was constructed across the eastern edge of the forest at the month of the Amazon. The Tran Amazonian Highway was also built from the Atlantic coast through the heart of the forest to Peru and is 2,672 miles long.

A Taste of Honey Play Analysis Essay

A Taste of Honey is a play written by Shelagh Delaney. Shelagh Delaney was born on the 5th of November, 1939 in Salford, Lancashire. At eleven years old she failed to pass the examination that would allow her to enter a grammar school, and she went to a secondary school named Broughton. She was accepted into the grammar school at a later stage as she has proved herself to be intelligent. She was seen to be a ‘late developer but by this time she had lost interest in her academic progress and so therefore did not continue on to higher education. Her first play was A Taste of Honey, which she wrote when she was 18, was accepted by a Joan Littlewood for production by Theatre Workshop Company. The first opening of the play was on the 27th of May at the Theatre Royal in East London. A Taste of Honey was transferred to West London on the 10the of February. For this play she received the Foyle’s New Play Award and an Arts Council Bursary. In the 1950’s England was felling the effects of World War II, so when Shelagh Delaney wrote the play she had experienced World War II. Also because of the World War only lower/ middle class groups would watch the play. Another factor that has caused the play, A Taste of Honey, to be a great success is that it contained issues that were never openly discussed and were consider to be illegal. For example: homosexuality- this was never discussed openly and was considered very bad, racism- Black people or people that were coloured were also considered lower class. The mood, tension and suspense had been built up during the play. In Act 1 Scene 2 Jo meets with her boyfriend and during a conversation he asks her to marry him and she accepts his proposal even though he will be away on his ship for six months and so she will have to wait before he can marry him. She is given a ring by her fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½e which she wears around her neck instead of on her finger. This is because she doesn’t want her mother to see the ring. Back in the apartment Helen tells Jo that she is going to marry Peter. Peter enters and Jo starts to shout at both Helen and Peter, while Helen is defending and attacking both Peter and Jo. Peter, however, is ignoring or criticising Jo and flattering Helen. Helen and Peter leave and Jo’s boyfriend arrives and keeps her company. On Helen’s wedding day Jo is feeling sick and cannot attend her mothers wedding. Helen then see’s the ring around Jo’s neck and starts scolding Jo violently for think of marrying this young. Jo then asks about her father and Helen explains, and then runs off to her wedding. There is a lot that happens in this scene both Helen and Jo plan on getting married. And this has built up a lot of tension. But there moods with each other getting married are not positive. Helen is not happy with Jo considering marriage at such a young age. Jo is also not happy that Helen is marrying Peter but is unable to do anything about it. The timing of this happening is also coincidental as Helen and Jo both were planning to marry at the same time this cause the audience to build up suspense. The scene is ended with Helen leaving Jo behind this will leave the audience thinking of what is going to happen. The scene is ended with suspense so that the audience is egger for the next scene. Act 2 scene 1 begins and Jo’s pregnancy is quite obvious and her boyfriend has not returned. Jo and Geof, a boy she met in a fairground, return to Jo’s apartment. The scene beginning with Jo being obviously pregnant cause’s drama for the audience also Jo’s black boyfriend has not returned from his sale this make the audience think that the boyfriend will never return. Jo is currently living alone and is working in a shoe shop in the day and working at a bar in the evenings to pay the rent. This has set the mood of Jo’s environment to be busy and Jo seems to be very tired. As when she returns from the fair she falls onto her sofa as she is tired, she as says that she has to be up before half past seven. This makes us think that going to work is very necessary for her and she is finding it difficult. Geof, an art student, who had been thrown out of his lodgings, says that the reason he was thrown out was because he was behind on the rent. Jo challenges him and keeps on persisting that he is lying as she knows he is homosexual. She even states that ‘I always wanted to know about people like you’ she offends Geof with her insensitive mocking and curiosity. She finally says that Geof should tell her why he was thrown out (even though she knows why she wants to hear it from Geof) or get out Geof heads for the door to leave and is stopped by Jo begging for him to stay, ‘Geof Don’t go. Don’t go. Geof! I’m sorry. Please stay.’ I think that this shows that Jo wants some company as she is alone and finding it difficult to pay for the apartment. Jo is not threatened by Geof staying in her apartment as he is homosexual and is therefore not physically attracted to her she also says, ‘That’s why I’m letting you stay here. You won’t start anything.’ When Geof is with Jo the mood is peaceful and is not chaotic. Also, Jo’s character is different she is not as aggressive as before. The audience are interested in Geof as they want to know facts about him because of his homosexual personality. It might be that Geof was thrown out because he was homosexual and he doesn’t want to admit that he is gay, also in that period of time homosexuality was wrong. After Jo apologises they start talking and tell each other that they like each other and they are becoming closer and their relationship develops. There mood has changed and they are now talking about each other and asking questions about there past. Geof brings up the subject of the baby and Jo’s mother, he thinks that Jo should tell her mother about her pregnancy. Jo replied ‘Why?’ this shows that she still doesn’t think that her mother should have nothing to do with Jo’s baby. Geof then goes on to ask what kind of woman is she and Jo replies by saying ‘†¦she’s rich†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Geof says that she should be interested in her mother’s money as she will be needing it later for the baby, as the baby will be costing Jo more money then she can afford. When Geof says that she will need baby clothes a cot and a pram, Jo replies by saying, ‘I’m not planning big plans for this baby or dreaming big dreams.’ This shows that Jo has thought that she will look after the baby with the barest amount of money. Jo’s character is strange in comparison to other mothers. Most mothers will be hoping for the best for their children. Jo, however, is not interested; she has no idea to look after a child as she has never been looked after by her mother very well. I found it strange when Geof says, ‘You’re feeling a bit depressed, Jo.’ He was telling Joe how she felt and this shows that Geof is already having feelings for Jo. When Geof offers Jo a cigarette she declines it, she said she only smoked to annoy her mother. I think that this shows that Jo did things to annoy her mother to get revenge. Jo’s character to towards her mother does not change through out the play. Geof asks Jo about her black boyfriend when Jo answers the questions she is giving false answers. I think that she has forgotten about the boy and has moved on with her life. Geof sings two nursery rhymes; this lightens the mood and shows that Geof is still childish and young in heart. When Geoffrey and Jo go to bed Jo says, ‘You’re just like a big sister to me.’ This shows that Jo has no sexual attractions towards Geof and sees him more like a friendly sister who looks after her. Jo comments on the children’s appearance, ‘†¦look at those filthy children.’ I think this is because as she is pregnant she is thinking about children and looking at other children on the streets. She then says that is there parents fault, but then says, ‘His mother ought not to be allowed.’ Jo is referring to her own mother in a way as Jo was treated badly and sometimes thinks that her mother should not of had her. Geof is homosexual but still tries to kiss Jo and even asks to marry her. Jo declines, is it shown that Jo likes Geoffrey but she is not sexually attracted to him. I think that the reason Geof asked Jo to marry him is because he want to be normal or a least be treated normal. So if he gets married people won’t think that he is homosexual and as Jo has a baby it will save him the trouble. Geof knows that if he stays with Jo his life is heading nowhere, but he wants to stay with Jo, ‘I’d sooner be dead than away from you.’ Geoffrey has grown a strong feeling for Jo and visa-versa, however, Jo likes him as a big sister. Helen enters the room and the mood has changed, that tension between Jo and Helen is now strong. Helen is not surprised that Jo is in bed, she thinks that Jo should still be going to work in her condition. Helen’s character is still expecting much of Jo even when Helen is sick she would ask Jo to do the work. Jo doesn’t even welcome her mother politely, ‘What blew you in?’ Helen assumes that Geoffrey is Jo’s boyfriend. While Helen and Jo argue Geof enters defending Jo but is shut up by both the ladies. Even with Jo in pregnancy Helen is still as violent she is throwing threats at Jo, ‘I’ll give you such a bloody good hiding in a minute†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Then Helen knows that she was right and told Jo not to get married at such an early age but gets into a mess none the less. Helen then says that she didn’t come to argue but actually came to give money but Jo doesn’t want it even when she needs it not from her mother anyway. Helen does care about her daughter but doesn’t show it although she does show it more then Jo, ‘Look at your arms. They’re like a couple of stalks!’ she doesn’t want her daughter to be unhealthy. When Peter enters, the mood changes everyone is concentrating on him and want him out of the room. It is obvious that Peter is not in love with Helen and it maybe that she is not in love with Peter it might be that she only married him for his money. When Drunken Peter enters he insults the other three, when he sees that Helen is giving his money away he is angry with Helen, ‘Giving my money away again?’ Peter then takes his money back from Helen and therefore contradicting Helens offer of a home to Jo. When Peter leaves he calls Helen to com with her but she says no. Helen is unsure of her choice so asks Jo if she should stay with her and Jo replies no. I can see that Helen was unsure to make her decision and when she ask Jo and she said no she yelled out yes to Peter. When Peter asked Helen if she’s coming she replied no, however, Peter still insists that Helen come with her. I think that even when he has lost interest in Helen he doesn’t want to let her go, this is just like him and his money. Helen’s last act of affection is shown, she tells Geof to make sure that she goes to the clinic regularly. As soon as Helen leaves the mood has changed, it is back to that ‘jokey’ mood with Jo and Geof. This is shown when Geof says that at least Helen left her some money but Jo says that Peter took it back but she has a cigarette for him. Geof replies, ‘Oh, smashing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I have noted that their moods change and they are back to their original state. This scene is one of the most relevant scenes in the whole play; it shows the relationship between Jo and Geof from when it first started to when they have a strong bond. It also is the first scene with homosexuality init so this is very appealing to the audience. It also is the scene when Helen finds out that Jo is pregnant and is therefore quite dramatic. This scene is very significant to the play as without this the scene it would not be as effective.

Critical Analysis on The Lord of the Flies essays

Critical Analysis on The Lord of the Flies essays Style is a writers characteristic way of writing his or her choice of words, sentence structure, and use of imagery and figurative language. For example, one writer might coin new words, write in long rhythmic sentences and create striking images and metaphors. Another writer may use sentences that are very straight forward and very precise in diction. Still others may create episodes that are so poignant that a reader has difficulty putting them from his mind. One such scene is created by William Golding in Lord of the Flies, shows how the boys have changes from being civilized to being savages. This particular scene is near the end of the novel, where Golding is describing the condition that Ralph is in. All of Ralphs friends has been killed or has went on Jacks side, and now Ralph is fleeing for his life. After Sam and Eric told Ralph that the boys planned to hunt him down and kill him in the morning, Ralph gets in a covert and sleeps there. The next morning, Ralph is awakened by a distance noise of someone coming and was yelling. It was a violation over the seashore and now the next savage answered and the next. Ralph made a big mistake, the night before this hunt started, Ralph had told Sam and Eric where he was going to hide when the boys came looking for him. Ralph thought he could trust Sam and Eric; however, Sam and Eric had been turned into savages and they told Jack where he was hiding. However, the location in which Ralph was hiding was to thick for them to get through. Here Ralph is thing to himself, But what could they do? It would take them a week to break a path through the thicket, and anyone who wormed his way in would be helpless. The only way Jack manages to get him out is to light a brush on fire. When Ralph notices the brushes on fire he darts out of the brush and takes off across the island. Frantic of what to do, Ralph ...

Free Essays on Watership Down

like lendri, silflay, and Thethunthinnang added a musical, almost poem-like quality. The history hinted at in the language the rabbits allude to more in their folk tales. They had their own opinion on how the world was made, the workings of death, and many other historical and spiritual matters. Their myths always seemed to either reflect or apply to the story going on around the reader. The author created legends inside the making of a legend. Emphasizing this Adam’s used a 3rd omniscient, narrator voice in telling the tale. However, this saga of rabbits telling the future, riding in cars, and establishing a new burrow against... Free Essays on Watership Down Free Essays on Watership Down Watership Down Picking up a â€Å"Literature† book is like picking up a snake. You never know if you’ve discovered a fascinating specimen, or one filled with the poison of boredom that will send you into unconsciousness in matter of 60 seconds. Thus with some trepidation I opened Watership Down by Richard Adams published 1972. The first page hooked me. It felt as if J.R.R. Tolkien, Brian Jacques, and the leading biologist on English fauna collaborated to write a fascinating epic drama about- rabbits. Yes, ordinary rabbits†¦or maybe not so ordinary. Somehow, I had stumbled upon a well-rounded, fully developed yet myth-like society hidden yet always there waiting to be unveiled. Like all human cultures, the Lapine society included a government and way of establishing order. They combined an odd mix of oligarchy and monarchy to create a system where the head rabbit or Ra supported by his Oswla, the largest and strongest rabbits, controlled and protected the burrow. This foreign culture contains its own idiosyncrasies. According to Adam’s, rabbits only count up to four. Anything more than that is to them a thousand or a great many ie an uncountable number. The author filled Watership Down with believable but impossible surprises like the full language spoken by the rabbits. Words like lendri, silflay, and Thethunthinnang added a musical, almost poem-like quality. The history hinted at in the language the rabbits allude to more in their folk tales. They had their own opinion on how the world was made, the workings of death, and many other historical and spiritual matters. Their myths always seemed to either reflect or apply to the story going on around the reader. The author created legends inside the making of a legend. Emphasizing this Adam’s used a 3rd omniscient, narrator voice in telling the tale. However, this saga of rabbits telling the future, riding in cars, and establishing a new burrow against...