What Is the Definition of Art

There is no one universal definition of visual art though there is a general consensus that art is the conscious creation of something beautiful or meaningful using skill and imagination. The definition and perceived value of works of art have changed throughout history and in different cultures. The Jean Basquiat  painting that sold for $110.5 million at Sotheby’s auction in May 2017 would, no doubt, have had trouble finding an audience in Renaissance Italy, for example.   Etymology The term â€Å"art† is related to the Latin word â€Å"ars† meaning, art, skill, or craft. The first known use of the word comes from 13th-century manuscripts. However, the word  art and its many variants (artem, eart, etc.)  have probably existed since the founding of Rome. Philosophy of Art The definition of art has been debated for centuries among philosophers.†What is art?† is the most basic question in the philosophy of aesthetics, which really means, â€Å"how do we determine what is defined as art?† This implies two subtexts: the essential nature of art, and its social importance (or lack of it). The definition of art has generally fallen into three categories: representation, expression, and form. Art as Representation or Mimesis.  Plato  first developed the idea of art as â€Å"mimesis,† which, in Greek, means copying or imitation. For this reason, the primary meaning of art was, for centuries, defined as the representation or replication of something that is beautiful or meaningful. Until roughly the end of the eighteenth century, a work of art was valued on the basis of how faithfully it replicated its subject. This definition of good art has had a profound impact on modern and contemporary artists; as Gordon Graham writes, â€Å"It leads people to place a high value on very lifelike portraits such as those by the great masters—Michelangelo, Rubens, Velà ¡squez, and so on—and to raise questions about the value of ‘modern’ art—the cubist distortions ofPicasso, the surrealist figures of Jan Miro, the abstracts of Kandinsky  or the ‘action’ paintings of Jackson Pollock.†Ã‚  While representational art still exi sts today, it is no longer the only measure of value.Art as Expression of Emotional Content.  Expression became important during the Romantic movement with artwork expressing a definite feeling, as in the sublime or dramatic. Audience response was important, for the artwork was intended to evoke an emotional response. This definition holds true today, as artists look to connect with and evoke responses from their viewers.Art as Form.  Ã‚  Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the most influential of the early theorists toward the end of the 18th century. He believed that art should not have a concept but should be judged only on its formal qualities because the content of a work of art is not of aesthetic interest. Formal qualities became particularly important when art became more abstract in the 20th century, and the principles of art and design (balance, rhythm, harmony, unity) were used to define and assess art. Today, all three modes of definition come into play in determining what is art, and its value, depending on the artwork being assessed. History of How Art Is Defined According to H.W Janson, author of the classic art textbook, The History of Art, â€Å"...we cannot escape viewing works of art in the context of time and circumstance, whether past or present. How indeed could it be otherwise, so long as art is still being created all around us, opening our eyes almost daily to new experiences and thus forcing us to adjust our sights?† Throughout the centuries in Western culture from the 11th century on through the end of the 17th century, the definition of art was anything done with skill as the result of knowledge and practice. This meant that artists honed their craft, learning to replicate their subjects skillfully. The epitome of this occurred during the Dutch Golden Age when artists were free to paint in all sorts of different genres and made a living off their art in the robust economic and cultural climate of 17th century Netherlands. During the Romantic period of the 18th century, as a reaction to the Enlightenment and its emphasis on science, empirical evidence, and rational thought, art began to be described as not just being something done with skill, but something that was also created in the pursuit of beauty and to express the artist’s emotions. Nature was glorified, and spirituality and free expression were celebrated. Artists, themselves, achieved a level of notoriety and were often guests of the aristocracy. The Avant-garde art movement began in the 1850s with the realism of Gustave Courbet. It was followed by other modern art movements such as cubism, futurism, and surrealism, in which the artist pushed the boundaries of ideas and creativity. These represented innovative approaches to art-making and the definition of what is art expanded to include the idea of the originality of vision. The idea of originality in art persists, leading to ever more genres and manifestations of art, such as digital art, performance art, conceptual art, environmental art, electronic art, etc. Quotes There are as many ways to define art as there are people in the universe, and each definition is influenced by the unique perspective of that person, as well as by their own personality and character. For example:   Rene Magritte Art evokes the mystery without which the world would not exist. Frank Lloyd Wright Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms suitable for human use. Thomas Merton Art enables us to find ourselves and lose ourselves at the same time. Pablo Picasso The purpose of art is washing the dust of daily life off our souls. Lucius Annaeus Seneca​ All art is but imitation of nature. Edgar Degas Art is not what you  see, but what you make others see. Jean Sibelius Art is the signature of civilizations. Leo Tolstoy Art is a human activity consisting in this, that one man consciously, by means of certain external signs, hands-on to others feelings he has lived through, and that others are infected by these feelings and also experience them. Conclusion Today we consider the earliest symbolic scribblings of mankind to be art.  As Chip Walter, of National Geographic, writes about these ancient paintings, â€Å"Their beauty whipsaws your sense of time. One moment you are anchored in the present, observing coolly. The next you are seeing the paintings as if all other art—all civilization—has yet to exist...creating a simple shape that stands for something else—a symbol, made by one mind, that can be shared with others—is obvious only after the fact. Even more than the cave art, these first concrete expressions of consciousness represent a leap from our animal past toward what we are today—a species awash in symbols, from the signs that guide your progress down the highway to the wedding ring on your finger and the icons on your iPhone.† Archaeologist Nicholas Conard posited that the people who created these images â€Å"possessed minds as fully modern as ours and, like us, sought in ritual and myth answers to life’s mysteries, especially in the face of an uncertain world. Who governs the migration of the herds, grows the trees, shapes the moon, turns on the stars? Why must we die, and where do we go afterward? They wanted answers but they didn’t have any science-based explanations for the world around them.† Art can be thought of as a symbol of what it means to be human, manifested in physical form for others to see and interpret. It can serve as a symbol for something that is tangible, or for a thought, an emotion, a feeling, or a concept. Through peaceful means, it can convey the full spectrum of the human experience. Perhaps that is why it is so important. Sources Graham, Gordon, Philosophy of the Arts, An Introduction to Aesthetics, Third Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group,  New York.  Janson, H. W., History of Art, Harry Abrams, Inc. New York, 1974.Walter, Chip, First artists, National Geographic. Web. January 2015.

A Fight For Freedom Rosa Parks and Mahatma Ghandi Essay

Throughout history, there has been injustice caused by discrimination and oppression. But with that unfair treatment comes leaders who fight difficult battles for the rights of the persecuted and downtrodden. Two of the most influential advocates for equality are Rosa Parks and Mohan-das Gandhi. Parks fought for African-American equal rights, which was a crucial step in the bat-tle for integration in the southern United States. Gandhi led thousands of people to peacefully protest the unfair treatment of Indians by the British. Parks and Gandhi helped end discrimination through their participation in boycotts and marches. Both Rosa Parks and Mohandas Gandhi furthered the end of discrimination through their aid in boycotts.†¦show more content†¦This mis-sion still remains unfulfilled...to fulfill this they must make their own khadi for personal use. The surplus, if any, they may sell (Providing a hope for survival). Gandhi incited many Indians to defy Britains abusive power ov er the impoverished. He encouraged people not only to grow cot-ton, but also to create and sell their own khadi. As the British began losing jobs and customers, their economy was undermined. With Gandhi as a leader of this passive resistance, Indias econ-omy was revitalized. Both Parks and Gandhi believed that people could peacefully obtain the po-litical and social changes they wanted through boycotts. Parks and Gandhi used marches as a way to significantly diminish social injustices. In 1965, Selma, Alabama was made the center of the quarrel over the rights of black voters in the South, assisted by Parks and Martin Luther King Junior. In March that year, protesters attempting to civilly march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery were confronted with violence by the authorities. The Selma marches were protests that marked the climax of the American civil rights movement. On March 7 the first march took place, Bloody Sunday, where 600 marchers protesting their continuous ex clusion from theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King I Have A Dream Speech Essay742 Words   |  3 Pagesinfluential moments that he led in his lifetime. During these movements not once did King result in violence. He was very strict on his no violence policy all throughout his fight. He looked up to Mahatma Ghandi, another peaceful protestor, as inspiration. Furthermore, the Montgomery Bus Boycott had to deal with Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. She was arrested for this action and The colored people chose Martin to represent them in this three hundred and eighty-one-dayRead MoreAfrican Americans Fight For Liberation1670 Words   |  7 PagesStrong. Determined. Beautiful. These are words that have been used to describe a race that through trial and tribulation has never faltered in their struggle for justice in an unjust world. African Americans fight for liberation in the early to mid-1900s has paid off in many ways, but it is their tenacious efforts in acquiring equality that has given them such acclamation. While it is clear that America’s history of African American oppression is explicitly cruel and barbaric, I argue that theRead MoreEssay about The Sixties3137 Words   |  13 Pagesbelieve it. These years were a time of great change for America. The country was literally redefined as peop le from all walks of life fought to uphold their standards on what they believed a true democracy is made of; equal rights for all races, freedom of speech, and the right to stay out of wars in which they felt they didn’t belong. The music of the era did a lot of defining and upholding as well; in fact, it was a driving force, or at the very least a strongly supporting force, in many of theRead MoreSocial Movement Synopsis Of Mahatma Gandhi3401 Words   |  14 PagesAllie Haddad Friedkin Lily SOC 134N Final Paper I. Social Movement Synopsis A. Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was the most important leader of the Indian independence movement when India was ruled by Britain. Gandhi led India to independence using nonviolent civil disobedience tactics, and movement laid a foundation for civil rights and freedoms across the world. He believed in using nonviolent actions in his fight for India’s independence and created the term â€Å"satyagraha,† which means â€Å"truth and

Manufacturing alumina Free Essays

The production of aluminum begins with the mining and beneficiation of bauxite. At the mine (usually of the surface type), bauxite ore is removed to a crusher. The crushed ore is then screened and stockpiled, ready for delivery to an alumina plant. We will write a custom essay sample on Manufacturing alumina or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the alumina plant, the bauxite ore is further crushed or ground to the correct particle size for efficient extraction of the alumina through digestion by hot sodium hydroxide liquor. After removal of â€Å"red mud† (the insoluble part of the bauxite) and fine solids from the process liquor, aluminum trihydrate crystals are precipitated and calcined in rotary kilns or fluidized bed calciners to produce alumina (Al2O3). (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Some alumina processes include a liquor purification step. Primary aluminum is produced by the electrolytic reduction of the alumina. The alumina is dissolved in a molten bath of fluoride compounds (the electrolyte), and an electric current is passed through the bath, causing the alumina to dissociate to form liquid aluminum and oxygen. The oxygen reacts with carbon in the electrode to produce carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Molten aluminum collects in the bottom of the individual cells or pots and is removed under vacuum into tapping crucibles. . Depending on the desired application, additional refining may be necessary. For demagging (removal of magnesium from the melt), hazardous substances such as chlorine and hexachloroethane are often used, which may produce dioxins and dibenzofurans. (Bounicore Wayne 1992) Industrial forms of aluminum include commercially pure metal and alloys with other metals such as chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, titanium and zinc. Aluminum alloys may contain as much as fifteen percent of the alloying metals. In powder form, aluminum and its alloys are combustible in air and present a potential explosion hazard. In sheet or block forms, aluminum will not normally propagate or sustain combustion. (Metals Alloys, 1976) Hazards and Risks Entail in Processing At the bauxite production facilities, dust is emitted to the atmosphere from dryers and materials- handling equipment, through vehicular movement, and from blasting. The dust is not hazardous; it can be a nuisance if containment systems are not in place, especially on the dryers and handling equipment. Other air emissions could include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and other products of combustion from the bauxite dryers. (Paris Com, 1992) Ore washing and beneficiation may yield process wastewaters containing suspended solids. Runoff from precipitation may also contain suspended solids. At the alumina plant, air emissions can include bauxite dust from handling and processing; limestone dust from limestone handling, burnt lime dust from conveyors and bins, alumina dust from materials handling, red mud dust and sodium salts from red mud stacks impoundments), caustic aerosols from cooling towers, and products of combustion such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from boilers, calciners, mobile equipment, and kilns. The calciners may also emit alumina dust and the kilns, burnt lime dust. Although alumina plants do not normally discharge effluents, heavy rainfalls can result in surface runoff that exceeds what plant can use in process. (Brady Humiston, 1982) Hydrogen Generating Reactions Aluminum is a very reactive metal, and the greatest industrial hazards associated with aluminum are chemical reactions. Aluminum is an excellent reducing agent, and should react with water readily to liberate hydrogen. However, the protective aluminum oxide coating protects it from reaction with moisture or oxygen. If the protective coating is broken, for example, by scratching or by amalgamation (the process of coating with a film of mercury in which the metallic aluminum dissolves; the aluminum oxide coating does not adhere to the amalgamated surface), rapid reaction with moisture and/or oxygen can occur. The significance of this reaction is dependent upon the quantity of aluminum available to react. Aluminum is also oxidized by heat at a temperature dependent rate. (Ogle, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) Aluminum metal is amphoteric (exhibits both acidic and basic characteristics). Therefore, aluminum will react with acids or bases; both reactions liberate hydrogen, a flammable gas. However, aluminum does not react with concentrated nitric acid because the oxidizing potential of the acid contributes to the formation of the protective aluminum oxide coating. (Martin, 1976) Thermite Reactions Aluminum readily extracts oxygen from other metal oxides to form aluminum oxide with the simultaneous release of large amounts of heat (enough heat to melt the products of the reaction). For example, the reaction of aluminum with ferric oxide to produce liquid aluminum oxide and liquid iron produces temperatures approaching 3000 °C (5400 °F). This reaction, referred to as the â€Å"thermite reaction,† has been used to weld large masses of iron and steel; when enclosed in a metal cylinder and ignited by a ribbon of magnesium has been used in incendiary bombs; and, with ammonium perchlorate added as an oxidizer, has provided the thrust for the space shuttle booster rockets. (May Berard, 1987) Dust Explosions A dust explosion is a complex phenomenon involving simultaneous momentum, energy, and mass transport in a reactive multi-phase system. Aluminum particles, when in dust, powder, or flake forms from operations such as manufacturing powder, grinding, finishing, and processing, may be suspended as a dust cloud in air and consequently may ignite and cause serious damage. If the dust cloud is unconfined, the effect is simply one of flash fire. If, however, the ignited dust cloud is at least partially confined, the heat of combustion may result in rapidly increasing pressure and produce explosion effects such as rupturing of the confining structure. Aluminum dust is not always easily ignitable, and, therefore, the hazard of dust explosions is often ignored. Minimum explosive concentrations of aluminum dust have been reported upwards from about 40 grams per cubic meter (0.04 ounces per cubic foot) of air. (May Berard, 1987) Effects on Health Aluminum particles deposited in the eye may cause local tissue destruction. Aluminum salts may cause eczema, conjunctivitis, dermatoses, and irritation of the upper respiratory system via hydrolysis-liberated acid. Aluminum is not generally regarded as an industrial poison, although inhalation of finely divided aluminum powder has been reported as a cause of pneumoconiosis. In most investigative cases, however, it was found that exposure was not solely to aluminum, but to a mixture of aluminum, silica, iron dusts, and other materials. Aluminum in aerosols has been referenced in studies involving Alzheimer’s disease. Most exposures to aluminum occur in smelting and refining processes. Because aluminum may be alloyed with various metals, each metal (e.g., copper, zinc, magnesium, manganese, nickel, chromium, lead, etc.) may possibly present its own health hazards. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Implication Aluminum dust is strongly fibrogenic. Metallic aluminum dust may cause nodular lung fibrosis, interstitial lung fibrosis, and emphysema as indicated in animal experimentation, and effects appear to be correlated to particle size of the dust30; however, when exposure to aluminum dusts have been studied in man, most exposures have been found to be to other chemicals as well as aluminum. (Buonicore Davis, 1992) Safety Measures: Prevention and Control The American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommends the need for five separate Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for aluminum, depending on its form (aluminum metal dust, aluminum pyro powders, aluminum welding fumes, aluminum soluble salts, and aluminum alkyls). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has also established Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) for aluminum. (May Berard, 1987) Pollution prevention is always preferred to the use of end-of-pipe pollution control facilities. Therefore every attempt should be made to incorporate cleaner production processes and facilities to limit, at source, the quantity of pollutants generated. In the bauxite mine, where beneficiation and ore washing are practiced, tailings slurry of 7– 9% solids is produced for disposal. The preferred technology is to concentrate these tailings and dispose of them in the mined-out area. A concentration of 25–30% can be achieved through gravity settling in a tailings pond. The tailings can be further concentrated, using a thickener, to 30–50%, yielding a substantially volume reduced slurry. The alumina plant discharges red mud in slurry of 25–30% solids, and this also presents an opportunity to reduce disposal volumes. (May Berard, 1987) Today’s technology, in the form of high-efficiency deep thickeners, and large-diameter conventional thickeners, can produce a mud of 50–60% solids concentration. The lime used in the process forms insoluble solids that leave the plant along with the red mud. Recycling the lime used as a filtering aid to digestion to displace the fresh lime that is normally added at this point can minimize these lime-based solids. Finally, effluent volume from the alumina plant can be minimized or eliminated by good design and operating practices: reducing the water added to the process, segregating condensates and recycling to the process, and using rainwater in the process. (Ogle, Beddow, Chen, Butler, 1982) References Brady, James E. and Humiston, Gerard E. (1982), General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, Third Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Bounicore, Anthony J., and Wayne T. Davis, eds. (1992), Air Pollution Engineering Manual. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Martin, R. (1975), â€Å"Dust-Explosion Risk with Metal Powders and Dusts,† P/M Group Annual Meeting 1975: Handling Metal Powders, Session I: Health and Safety in Powder Handling,† Powder Metallurgy, No. 2. May, David C., and Berard, David L. (1987), â€Å"Fires and Explosions Associated with Aluminum Dust from Finishing Operations,† Journal of Hazardous Materials, 17. â€Å"Metals and Alloys,† (1976), Loss Prevention Data 7-85, Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation. Paris Commission. (1992), â€Å"Industrial Sectors: Best Available Technology—Primary Aluminium Industry.† Ogle, R. A., Beddow, J. K., Chen, L. D., and Butler, P. B. (1988), â€Å"An Investigation of Aluminum Dust Explosions,† Combust. Sci. and Tech.    How to cite Manufacturing alumina, Essay examples

Communication model for mass communication - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCommunication model for mass communication. Answer: Diagnosis and Reflection The purpose of the report is to analyse the different communication skills that can be used by individuals for improving the level of communication. The focus of the report is on the set of skills that are required for gaining success at a professional level. The report analysis certain tools that help an individual to understand own flaws and make rectifications based on those flaws. Apart from this, the report provides a literature review that highlights the possible solutions to the issues related to communication. Models related to communication are also discussed that provides a detailed analysis of the methods of communication. The report provides a self-reflection of the researcher that deals with ways to improve the communication techniques. I have taken the assistance of five diagnostic tools that can help me to determine the level of communication that I possess. These tools can help me analyse my communication skills and make rectifications based on the results. As stated by Cardon (2015) communication tools is essential in order to identify any type of error of an individual. The rating given while solving the questionnaire provides an understanding of the areas of improvement that is required. It helps in understanding the personality of the people by solving questionnaires that help in identifying the level of confidence that an individual possesses. The five tools that have been used in this case include: The Non-verbal Immediacy Scale Self-report (NIS-S) Self-Perceive Communication Competency Scale (SPCC) Confidence level while making presentation Soft skills test Verbal Communication test These skills are essential as it helps me to understand the areas in which I need to develop myself and the style of communication that is adopted by me. Every communication tool has a different set of questionnaires that help in the assessment of these factors and make rectifications based on the results of the questionnaires. For example, the Non-verbal Immediacy Scale-Self-analyses are used to understand the positive nature of the individuals and the manner in which they perceive other people. In similar fashion, the Self-Perceive Communication Competency Scale is used to analyse the communication skill that is required in various situations. It has been seen that the reaction and the communication style of people changes in every situation (Argenti, 2015). The third tool is used to assess the confidence level an individual possess while making presentations. This tool helps in understanding the confidence and the relaxation level of an individual while making a presentation. The fourth tool that has been analysed is known as the soft skills test. In the modern days, it is one of the most important tools as it helps in assessing the level at which one can analyse people (Shwom Snyder, 2015). It is important in every profession to have a skill that can help in the conversation with people for effective purposes. The fifth tool is the verbal communication test that helps to understand the ease with which a particular task can be carried out without the help of other people. The tools that have been used have produced different results that have helped in a proper analysis of my skills. The clarity of the analysis has helped me to understand the communication level that I possess. For example, after conducting the test on Non-verbal Immediacy Scale-Self it has been seen that my positive feeling towards people is low. The score that I received that is 78 indicates the low level of trust that I have on people. Thus, it can be concluded that I have a tendency to not trust people and feel that they may not influence me in a positive manner. This is one of the reasons behind my low score in this test. As suggested by Tuna, Gulez Gungor (2013) trusting people or feeling a sense of positivity towards the people is an essential factor particular in a professional field. The test suggests that I need to improve this skill (Refer to Appendix 1 for test result). The second test that I undertook is the Self-Perceive Communication Competency test. This test is used to understand the competency level required to communicate at every aspect of life. These aspects include public, meeting, group, dyad, stranger, acquaintance and friend. My test result varied in the competency level after every aspect. The lowest rating that I got was in the meeting aspect while my overall rating was 65.8. This indicates that I have a medium competency level and that other people can easily distract me. A higher value of competency level indicates that the self-perceived communication of the individuals is strong. In my case, I need to be guided by other people but at the same time, I can be competent enough to make decisions in any of the aspects of life and profession (Refer to Appendix 2 for test result). The next test that I undertook included the understanding of my level of confidence while making a presentation. This is an important aspect in a professional field as most business meetings and deals are done with the help of making a presentation. In this test, the scoring pattern ranged from 14-70. My test results showed that I secured a score of 48. This indicates the fact that my presentations will be appreciated for only a brief moment. I have a typical average presentation style and people can appreciate with at the same time criticising it due to lack of clarity of the messages (Refer to Appendix 3 for test result). The next test that I had undertaken is the soft skills test. This test helped me to understand the level at which I can manage people. This is important particularly for applying for jobs at the managerial level or being a leader of a group. The skill level in this test ranges from 16-80 and my test result was showed to be 54. This is again an indication of the mediocre nature of my communication skills. This indicates that I tend to remain under pressure in critical situations by like to work and collaborate with groups (Refer to Appendix 4 for test result). The fifth test is the verbal communication test that indicates the level at which I need to depend upon my co-workers for carrying out a particular task. The test scores range from 20-110 and my score was 104. This indicates that I am willing to work with other people but I have to refine my skills to match the skills of my co-workers. The areas that I need to improve include paying attention to non-verbal cues, accurately paraphrase work and ability to remain calm during challenging situations (Refer to Appendix 5 for test result). After analysing the results of the tests, I can analyse my drawbacks and work on improving the skills. For example, I need to work on three aspects of the verbal communication that can help me to be more successful in future. The ability to remain calm during challenging times is important to ensure that I can handle the situations smoothly. Apart from this, I also need to improve my NIS-S level, as I need to trust people more often. This can be considered as a contrast as based on the analysis of the verbal communication and the soft skills test I tend to work well with other people. Hence, I need to ensure that contrasting characteristic of my communication level is solved effectively. In this regard, two incidents can be described that failures of my communication. The first issue that I encountered was my inability to understand the non-verbal cues. The incident occurred during a programme in which my companion was asking me to move an object by providing hand signals as verbal communication was inaudible at the time. The situation occurred about a month ago in which I was to move a stray nail that was left on stage due to some casualness. My inability to understand the gestures made to me had a negative effect as one of the performers suffered serious injury due to the stray nail. This caused a lot of commotion and I was reprimanded for my incompetence of understanding non-verbal gestures. This incident made me realise the importance of non-verbal communication and the reaction that I need to provide during such challenging times. The second issue that occurred was during a presentation at my institution. I was unable to present a presentation that can create a lasting impression in the mind of my assessors. This created problem in my grade as the average marks that I received was not enough for a quality result. The presentation lacked clarity and the information provided was based totally on general research. Hence, it is another aspect that I need to work on so that I can make better and more detailed presentation in the future. This is important for me in the future, if I am to be manager or leader someday. Hence, I need to develop both the skills for a successful career growth. Literature review Concept of communication and its issues McQuail Windahl (2015) stated that one of the most convenient ways of transferring information, feelings and thoughts from one place to another is communication. People need to communicate with one another in order to ensure that their thoughts are cleared and that they can add a sense of purpose in their lives. Communication can be done either by verbally transmitting the messages or by non-verbal communication. Both are a common form so communication, however, the non-verbal form is used in situations that prevent the occurrence of verbal communication. The verbal communication, on the other hand, is more common as people can use words to communicate any messages. To understand the areas in which communication can be improved tools are developed that provide clarity of the situations. According to Hampf and Mller-Pohl (2013), it is important to understand the flaws so that proper communication takes place at the local and global level. One of the most forms of communication flaws is the ability to understand sign languages (Peleckien Polajeva 2016). Most people fail to understand the sign languages mainly because they are not trained on that subject. However, the basic gestures can be understood clearly and actions can be taken by understanding the sign language. The issue highlighted in the first example provides an idea of the inability to understand sign languages. It is an important form of development that an individual need to make as in most occasions verbal communication is not possible between the people. The second issue that I faced was my lack of confidence to provide a proper presentation. Popp, Raneburger Kaindl (2013) observed that making a proper presentation is an important form of communication medium, as most people cannot express their feelings in words. Pictorial presentation of thoughts can help people understand the messages that are provide to them and accordingly they can provide responses. To solve the issues it is necessary for individuals to maintain the manner by understanding the nature and importance of the messages. Hence, certain models can be used that highlight the manner in which transferring of messages can take place between individuals. Models related to communication According to Chaney and Martin (2013), communication needs to be developed between the individuals so that flaws in understanding do not take place. In this regard, it is essential to develop certain models that can help in addressing these issues. One such model of communication that can be used is Belos model. Belos model provides evidence that the sender and the receiver need to be alert so that they can intercept the messages with ease. Commonly this model is referred to as the SMCR model as the factors that are required for the effective transmission of messages is analysed with the help of the common components. The factors include a basic understanding of the messages that are required for the proper transmission and interpretation of messages. The channels used for maintaining communication includes the assistance of the basic senses of human beings (Evans et al., 2017). These include sight, hear, feel, smell and taste. The five senses need to function together for the proper transmission of messages and for the development of an individual. The skills required for intercepting the messages need to be such that the receiver and the sender need to operate together in a manner so that organisations do not have any problems with depicting the messages. Thus, it can be said that proper training needs to be provided to the people before delegating the tasks to encode or decode messages. One of the advantages that Belos model provides is the fact that the messages are precise and consist of codes. This is an advantage as the receiver can easily decode the comprehensive nature of the messages. The short messages can be easily understood and responses can be provided using any one of the channels of communication. Another advantage of this model is that it can help in the development of interpersonal communication skills. Practically this model can be applied to individuals seeking to improve their communication pattern at every level. For example, decoding the messages and presenting them to the people requires proper presentation skill. The skill level of every individual is analysed in a manner so that people can develop proper communication technique and ensure a successful career in the future. However, despite the advantages, Thill Bove (2013) stated that Schramms model could be used more effectively than Belos model for communication. Figure 1: Belos model (Source: Evans et al., 2017) To develop an effective system among individuals it is necessary to identify a proper source of communication. This source of communication can provide a systematic manner in which developments can take place in the communication system (Rentz Lent, 2013). To understand the communication systems in a proper manner it is necessary to use the Schramms model of communication. This model is effective as it helps to identify different segments that can be related to different components of communication. These components are important to maintain a steady flow of messages from a sender to a receiver. The sender transmits cryptic messages to the receivers so that the messages cannot be hacked by other people. The receiver then decodes these messages and the proper message is revealed. This form of communication is effective as organisations involved in such communication styles use internal facilities. Hence, Fleisher Bensoussan (2015) considers this as an ultimate model for communicatio n purposes. Schramm considered communication as a continuous process. Communication is one of the essential tools that people use to survive. Hence, the aim of the model is to ensure that communication between people is maintained in an effective manner. In this regard, it can be said that the model developed by Schramm can help in maintaining communication in every sphere of life. The benefit of this model is that this can help in developing the listening ability of individuals. This is mainly because the messages are provided in an encrypted manner and it is important for individuals to understand the message clearly so that it can be decoded in a proper manner. This model provides a continuous flow of messages from both ends and it is essential that the people taking up the roles of receiver and sender posses he abilities to be effective business scenarios. Figure 2: Schramms model (Source: Peleckien Polajeva 2016) Conceptual and behavioural skills needed Individuals need to apply theoretical as well practical knowledge so that they can develop their skills. The theoretical aspect can help in the understanding of a topic in a broader manner. A detailed analysis of a particular topic can be done so that individuals can gain in-depth knowledge about a topic. Similarly, the practical aspect can help in the development of experience. In the modern world, it is necessary that individuals remain experienced in different fields so that they can get proper jobs at organisations (DiSanza Legge, 2016). These can help individuals to understand the level of improvement required so that they can gain success in the business. The development of professional skills can help in understating the issues that individuals face. Thus, to mitigate this it is necessary to maintain both verbal as well non-verbal communications. The lack of skill of the individuals can be solved by practical implication of the models and carry out analysis using the communication tools (Argenti, 2015). It can be said that interpersonal communication between the individuals can be maintained with the help of proper analysis of the models. The emotion of people often forms a negative factor, as the mind is a strong organ in the human body. Hence, it can be said that misunderstanding can create a huge problem in the workplace. Sadia et al., (2016) is of the opinion that people with strong emotional competence and proper listening skills can have a successful career in business. This is mainly because both these characteristics are helping individuals to develop talents that can help in the development of a career. It has been seen that leaders and managers need to deal with the problems of the employees. Hence, it is important to maintain a proper soft skill so that the employees can be encouraged. The demand for the employees needs to be understood before taking any decisions that may hamper their progress. Communication issues can be solved by being confident and remaining aware of the surroundings. Learning non-verbal communication is not essential for most people, however, understanding the simple sign languages can help in the growth of an individual in a proper manner. Hence, it can be said that the manner in which people tend to develop the communication abilities depend upon the qualities possessed by the person. The communication skill tests can help in identifying the flaws, however, rectifying the flaws need to be done by the individuals using proper techniques. Action Plan After analysing the issues that exist in my method of communication, I have developed an action plan that can help me to continue to work effectively for my improvement. The action plan clearly identifies the issues and focuses on the ways to rectify it. For example, in order to develop a proper presentation, I need to develop my observational skills so that I can incorporate real-life experiences and relate it to the topic. I have been maintaining a journal entry that can help me to keep a record of the activities that I am undertaking and the development I have encountered in the past 6 months. Reflecting on my actions and progress can help me plan for a future course of action. Hence, the journal entry can help me to assess my talents and set up a timeline within which I aim to improve myself. To develop my talents I need the guidance of an experienced teacher. Hence, I had sought the help of Violet Dhu, to help me in improving my communication abilities. Mrs Dhu has over 15 years of experience dealing with people suffering from communication issues such as the inability to talk properly and confidently, remaining focused on one topic and so on. She is a Diploma holder in the professional field and had agreed to help in an eight-week communication-counselling course. The professional advice of Mrs Dhu can help me to identify the flaws that I have more vividly and help me to develop my communication skills. Apart from taking training classless from Mrs Dhu, I need to consult books that can help me to develop my communication skills. These books can be either purchased or referred to from any library and the internet. For the improvement of my skills, I have started reading books that deal specifically with communication issues. Some of the books that I have been reading include Active listening 101: How to turn down your volume to turn up your communication skill written by Emilia Hardman, 2012. Communication Apprehension, Avoidance, and Effectiveness by Richmond, Wrench and McCroskey, "Power Listening: Mastering the most critical business skill" written by Bernard, T. Ferrari, 2012. By reading these books, I have managed to understand the manner in which I can communicate with others. I can address my flaws such as the flaw in a presentation in order to ensure that I provide a quality presentation of any topic that leaves a long impact on the people. Apart from reading books, I have al so taken of evaluative classes that can enhance my knowledge and skills even further. I have taken up courses such as Diploma in Communication Management and Skills in managing people effectively using communication techniques. The advantage of these courses is that my issues of not trusting people or being nervous in challenging situations have been solved effectively. Activity January February March April May June Make a journal entry of the progress and activities Find a professor to guide me in my course Gain access to relevant books required for improvement Take up courses that provide authentic manner of communicating with people Table: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) Reference Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Cardon, P. 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